“…Alternatively, market-based returns are used as they reflect risk-adjusted performance and are not affected by multi-industry or multi-national contexts (Nayyar, 1992), but forces influence this indicator in management. Some researchers also examine areas other than performance, such as earnings management (Al-Absy et al, 2018;Nuhu et al, 2023), financial reporting fraud (Romano and Guerrini, 2012), board gender diversity (Hutchinson et al, 2015), financial distress (Ashraf et al, 2022;Lagasio et al, 2023), bankruptcy (Appiah and Chizema, 2016), financial stability (Al-Absy, 2020), board remuneration (Harymawan et al, 2020;Kang and Nanda, 2017;Nyambia and Hamdan, 2018) and voluntary narrative executive remuneration action disclosure (Kanapathippillai et al, 2016). JCMS 8,1…”