“…At almost the same time, in 1998 Russia also experienced a crisis (Barinova & Zemtsov, 2020). The same thing happened in Brazil in 1999 (Nassif, Feijó, & Araújo, 2020), In 2001 Argentina and Turkey experienced the same thing, namely the financial crisis (Singh, & Dsouza, 2022). This prompts a lot of inquiries as well as concerns that a repeat of this crisis will occur.…”