Investigating Aircrew Depth Perception Standards Using a Stereoscopic Simulation Environment

Winterbottom, Marc; Lloyd, Charles J.; Gaska, James; Williams, Logan; Shoda, Elizabeth; Hadley, Steven

doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2017.5.sda-354

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The advantage provided by stereopsis, that is, the difference in slope under binocular relative to monocular viewing in the grid condition, was similar for undergraduate observers and aircrew (Figure 5). These results are consistent with Deas et al (2017) and studies that have shown improved accuracy of distance judgments in the presence of stereopsis relative to monocular viewing in immersive stereoscopic simulations of aerial refueling (Lloyd & Nigus, 2012;Winterbottom et al, 2016) and helicopter landing tasks (Winterbottom et al, 2017). The pattern of overestimation at near and underestimation at far distances seen in the grid terrain is consistent with observers' reliance on a highly variable vergence signal to scale depth from binocular disparity in the absence of other monocular cues to distance (Foley, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

et al. 2019

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Objective We examined the contribution of binocular vision and experience to performance on a simulated helicopter flight task. Background Although there is a long history of research on the role of binocular vision and stereopsis in aviation, there is no consensus on its operational relevance. This work addresses this using a naturalistic task in a virtual environment. Method Four high-resolution stereoscopic terrain types were viewed monocularly and binocularly. In separate experiments, we evaluated performance of undergraduate students and military aircrew on a simulated low hover altitude judgment task. Observers were asked to judge the distance between a virtual helicopter skid and the ground plane. Results Our results show that for both groups, altitude judgments are more accurate in the binocular viewing condition than in the monocular condition. However, in the monocular condition, aircrew were more accurate than undergraduate observers in estimating height of the skid above the ground. Conclusion At simulated altitudes of 5 ft (1.5 m) or less, binocular vision provides a significant advantage for estimation of the depth separation between the landing skid and the ground, regardless of relevant operational experience. However, when binocular cues are unavailable aircrew outperform undergraduate observers, a result that likely reflects the impact of training on the ability to interpret monocular depth cues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

et al. 2019

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“…Stereotests generally provide images at different disparities allowing for testing of stereoacuity. Some organisations prefer to report on stereoacuity only and avoid the term stereo-blindness altogether [13] [20]. Most commonly though, for the Titmus Fly and Randot stereotests, observers are classed as stereo-blind when they fail the test with the largest disparity.…”

Section: Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of stereo blindness in a recent VR distance perception user study

Wiebrands¹,

Woods²,

Riddell³

2023

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Estimates of stereo-blindness, the inability to see in 3D using stereopsis, often sit in the 5-10% range. At the Curtin University HIVE visualisation facility, we regularly show stereoscopic content. During those demonstrations we routinely show a test random dot stereogram and it has been our casual observation that the incidence of stereo-blindness amongst visitors has been much lower than the 5-10% figure, perhaps as low as 2%. Our thought was that perhaps eye care has improved since the time that the original stereo-blindness studies were performed. A virtual reality (VR) based user study was recently run in the HIVE, as part of a PhD project, with an aim to study distance perception in underwater virtual heritage experiences. Distance perception is facilitated by a range of visual cues, including stereoscopic vision, and as a result we formally screened all participants for stereoblindness. Using a standardised stereo test, we found approximately 5% of participants reported as stereo blind.

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“…Subjective measures were obtained using a 7-item questionnaire based on a similar questionnaire from Shibata et al [3] and the NASA TLX [23] that addressed ocular issues associated with the use of stereoscopic displays. The questionnaire was administered using a tablet and each question was presented followed by an unnumbered visual analog scale divided into 20 increments with two anchors.…”

Section: Subjective Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional research found a similar correlation between ocular alignment and performance on other S3D systems. For instance, a positive correlation between horizontal fusion range and performance on a simulated helicopter landing alignment task using a binocular head-mounted device (HMD) was shown [3]. Others have also found a connection between vision tests and 3D performance, including inferior performance on the Wilkin's rate of reading test (WRRT) in 3D by those with poor binocular vision status, as defined by 10 common clinical optometric tests [4], correlation between both near fusion range and stereoacuity scores with performance on an S3D object placement task [5], and worse performance on 3D simulated surgical tasks by surgeons with poorer stereoacuity [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between vision and simulated remote vision system air refueling performance

Eleanor¹,

Matthew²,

S.³

et al. 2022

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United States Air Force (USAF) vision screening tests have remained largely unchanged since WWII and it is unclear whether current standards are applicable for users of new human-machine interfaces (e.g., stereoscopic remote vision system (RVS) in the refueling tanker). This study examined the relationships between several vision tests, including a set of automated vision tests (AVT) developed by the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA)Laboratory, an electronic version of the standard Titmus stereo test, and the current Armed Forces Vision Tester (AFVT), and simulated air refueling task performance using a stereoscopic RVS. Additionally, the relationships between vision test scores and subjective measures of visual fatigue were analyzed. Results showed that AVT measures of disparity discrimination and horizontal fusion correlated with simulated air refueling performance. AVT measures of acuity, contrast sensitivity, disparity discrimination, and radial motion sensitivity were significantly associated with subjective measures of discomfort and visual fatigue. Notably, neither the electronic Titmus results, nor the AFVT measures were associated with either air refueling task performance or subjective measures of visual fatigue. Adjustments to the vision standards and test methods used for USAF aeromedical vision screening should therefore be considered.

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Investigating Aircrew Depth Perception Standards Using a Stereoscopic Simulation Environment

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

Incidence of stereo blindness in a recent VR distance perception user study

The relationship between vision and simulated remote vision system air refueling performance

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