Investigating Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH for Structural Applications

Burns, Devin E.; Kudzal, Andelle; McWilliams, Brandon; Manjarres, Juan; Hedges, Doug; Parker, Peter A.

doi:10.1007/s11665-019-04206-9

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thus, it has attracted researchers and engineers' increasing interest in LAM fabrication. In the past years, the most commonly studied PH stainless steels include 17-4 PH and 15-5 PH steels [46,138,145,179,[260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278]. Both are martensitic stainless steels containing almost no carbon and are strengthened by precipitation of highly dispersed Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Ti, Ni 3 Mo, B 2 A Laves phase and other intermetallic compounds in the martensite matrix [216,217].…”

Section: Martensite Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser additive manufacturing of steels

Yin

Tan

Bermingham

et al. 2021

International Materials Reviews

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Despite strong interest from many industrial sectors driving demand and advancements in laser additive manufacturing (LAM) of steels, some issues remain as barriers limiting the current industrial applications, such as defects, residual stress, scattered, inadequate or/and anisotropic properties. To overcome these problems, several effective approaches have been developed to control and/or enhance the properties of LAM produced steel components. To help researchers and engineers attain up-to-date information and knowledge in this rapidly growing area, the present work provides an overview of current research in LAM of steels, in particular austenitic steels, ferritic steels, duplex steels and martensitic steels, with a focus on understanding the interrelation between process, microstructure and mechanical properties. This review also includes substantive discussions on the effects of processing parameters, their interactions and post-LAM treatments on the metallurgy, microstructure and properties. In addition, the advances, ongoing challenges and outlooks in LAM of steels are highlighted.

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Section: Martensite Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems that the steels show higher strength and ductility along the longitudinal direction than along the transverse direction [145,260,273]. However, some literature [269] reported the opposite results as listed in Table 7 as well. The actual reason for such difference is unknown.…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser additive manufacturing of steels

Yin

Tan

Bermingham

et al. 2021

International Materials Reviews

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“…Internal and surface defects such as porosities, inclusions and a high roughness in the as-built condition can act as crack nucleation sites [3,6,7]. Moreover, contradictory results regarding the effectiveness of the HIP process on AM 17-4 PH SS are present in literature [8,9]. For this reason, having specific and reliable high-fatigue data are fundamental to identify the limits of AM materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High and low-cycle-fatigue properties of 17–4 PH manufactured via selective laser melting in as-built, machined and hipped conditions

et al. 2021

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In the last years, additive manufacturing (AM) has turned into an emerging technology and an increasing number of classes of material powders are now available for this manufacturing process. For large-scale adoption, an accurate knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of the resulting materials is fundamental, also considering that reliable data are often lacking and dedicated standards are still missing for these AM alloys. In this regard, the aim of the present work is to characterize both the high-cycle-fatigue (HFC) and the low-cycle-fatigue (LCF) behaviour of AM 17–4 PH stainless steel (SS). To better understand the performance of the selected alloy, four series of cylindrical samples were manufactured. Three series were produced via selective laser melting (SLM), better known as laser-based powder bed fusion of metals technology using an EOS M280 machine. The first series was tested in the as-built condition, the second was machined before testing to obtain a better surface finishing, while the third series was post-processed via hot isostatic pressing (HIP). Finally, a fourth series of samples was produced from the wrought 17–4 PH material counterpart, for comparison. The understanding and assessment of the influence of surface finishing on the fatigue behaviour of AM materials are fundamental, considering that in most applications the AM parts may present reticular or lattice structures, internal cavities or complex geometries, which must be set into operation in the as-built conditions, since a surface finishing postprocess is not convenient or not feasible at all. On the other side, a HIP process is often suggested to reduce the internal porosities and, therefore, to improve the resulting mechanical properties. The high-cycle-fatigue limits were obtained with a short staircase approach according to the Dixon statistical method. The maximum number of cycles (run-out) was set equal to 50,00,000. The part of the Wöhler diagram relative to finite life was also characterized by means of additional tests at higher stress levels. On the other side, the low-cycle tests allowed to tune the Ramberg–Osgood cyclic curves and the Basquin–Coffin–Manson LCF curves. The results obtained for the four different series of specimens permitted to quantify the reduction of the mechanical performance due to the actual limits of the laser-based powder bed fusion technology (surface quality, internal porosity, different solidification) with respect to traditional manufacturing and could be used to improve design safety and reliability, granting structural integrity of actual applications under elastic and elasto-plastic fatigue loads.

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“…One of the well-accepted force balance designs is the internal type that is placed in the test model, and provides the structural link between the wind tunnel model and ground. Figure 1 shows the geometry of traditional wind tunnel balance (Burns et al 2019;Burns and Parker 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust topology optimization of a flexural structure considering multi-stress performance for force sensing and structural safety

Sung

Lee

Burns

2021

Struct Multidisc Optim

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This paper demonstrates a new robust topology design formulation for a compliant sensor structure considering multi-stress performance. Compliant mechanism design is one of the main applications of topology optimization that can be used to achieve displacement or force requirements based on its elastic deformation. Most compliant mechanisms have hinge joints where high stress is observed and this should be carefully considered in the design formulation. In this paper, we investigate a new design formulation that considers multiple stress components for force measurement and structural safety in a compliant mechanism-a wind tunnel balance. An internal wind tunnel balance is a multi-axis force sensor that measures aerodynamic forces and moments during wind tunnel testing. For the axial section of the balance, it is required to have substantial stress reading (sensor performance) by the axial load. In this paper, two stress measures are used in the design formation: (1) local directional stress to meet the sensor performance by a small axial force, and (2) normalized P-norm stress with a relaxation approach to ensure the safety of the balance by a large normal force. The high force ratio between axial and normal forces (1:10 +) is investigated in this paper. In addition, a robust approach is applied to reflect the manufacturing uncertainties from three different projected design variables. The manufacturable blueprint designs using this approach show satisfactory performance with respect to sensing and structural safety.

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Investigating Additively Manufactured 17-4 PH for Structural Applications

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Laser additive manufacturing of steels

Laser additive manufacturing of steels

High and low-cycle-fatigue properties of 17–4 PH manufactured via selective laser melting in as-built, machined and hipped conditions

Robust topology optimization of a flexural structure considering multi-stress performance for force sensing and structural safety

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