Invertebrates and Protozoa (Free‐Living) in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Lieverloo, J. Hein M. van; Kooij, D. van der; Hoogenboezem, Wim

doi:10.1002/0471263397.env227

Cited by 10 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This suggestion is supported by the relatively high concentrations of H. vermiformis and the large proportion and high richness of Amoebozoa in this supply, because amoebae feed much more effectively on microorganisms in a biofilm than on suspended prey (32). Furthermore, the absence of metazoa in most samples of supply CA-1 indicates that concentrations of sediments, which are needed for their growth, were low (53).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Relationships between Free-Living Protozoa, Cultivable Legionella spp., and Water Quality Characteristics in Three Drinking Water Supplies in the Caribbean

Valster

Wullings

Berg

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The study whose results are presented here aimed at identifying free-living protozoa (FLP) and conditions favoring the growth of these organisms and cultivable Legionella spp. in drinking water supplies in a tropical region. Treated and distributed water (؎30°C) of the water supplies of three Caribbean islands were sampled and investigated with molecular techniques, based on the 18S rRNA gene. The protozoan host Hartmannella vermiformis and cultivable Legionella pneumophila were observed in all three supplies. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with the highest similarity to the potential or candidate hosts Acanthamoeba spp., Echinamoeba exundans, E. thermarum, and an Neoparamoeba sp. were detected as well. In total, 59 OTUs of FLP were identified. The estimated protozoan richness did not differ significantly between the three supplies. In supply CA-1, the concentration of H. vermiformis correlated with the concentration of Legionella spp. and clones related to Amoebozoa predominated (82%) in the protozoan community. These observations, the low turbidity In tropical regions, the water temperature in drinking water distribution system is permanently about 30°C (4). In these regions, free-living protozoa (FLP), serving as hosts for pathogenic bacteria, including Acanthamoeba spp. (1, 38), Hartmannella spp. (37), and Naegleria spp. (38, 49), have been observed in surface water, wastewater, cooling towers, and drinking water (3,5,19,45). Certain FLP with pathogenic properties, viz. Acanthamoeba spp. (9, 21), Balamuthia mandrillaris (54), and Naegleria fowleri (59), can proliferate in drinking water-related biofilms at elevated temperatures (36). In addition, Legionella pneumophila, the main etiologic agent of Legionnaires' disease (12), which proliferates in freshwater at temperatures above 25°C (57), is frequently observed in these environments (14,31,39).FLP in aquatic environments feed on bacteria, fungi, other protozoa, and organic detritus in biofilms and sediments or in the planktonic phase (32). The abundance of prey organisms and detritus depends on the water composition and the hydraulic conditions in distribution systems, which therefore also affect both the FLP abundance and community composition (52, 55). Most information on community composition and abundance of FLP in freshwater environments has been obtained by using cultivation methods and microscopy. Recently, however, the presence and identities of such organisms in drinking water supplies in temperate regions have been studied by using molecular methods for detection and identification (33, 51). In two groundwater supplies in the Netherlands a total of 127 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of FLP were identified based on their 18S rRNA gene sequences. FLP, mostly pathogens, have been characterized in only a few studies in tropical regions (3,5,19). In recent reviews it was concluded that more research is needed to determine which factors favor the growth of these organisms in water supplies (47,48).Cases of Legionnaires' disease have been reporte...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Relationships between Free-Living Protozoa, Cultivable Legionella spp., and Water Quality Characteristics in Three Drinking Water Supplies in the Caribbean

Valster

Wullings

Berg

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Fungi, metazoa, protophyta, and cellular plants were detected in the clone libraries of nearly all samples (Table 2). Fungi (25) and metazoa (75) can multiply in water treatment and distribution systems (4). Some of the OTUs had highest similarities to fungi, e.g., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Cladosporium spp., which have also been observed in drinking water in Slovakia (21), Norway (25), and Germany (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrations of protozoa, determined using cultivation methods and microscopy, range from Ͻ1 to 10 4 cells liter Ϫ1 in treated water (3,47,70,75) and from Ͻ1 to 7 ϫ 10 5 cells liter Ϫ1 in distribution systems (6,61,64,75). Genera of free-living protozoa commonly observed in these systems and in tap water installations include Acanthamoeba,…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Free-living protozoa are ubiquitous in natural freshwater environments (7,38,51,71) but also proliferate in engineered water systems, including water treatment systems (3,47,70), distribution systems (6,75), and tap water installations inside buildings (54,69). Concentrations of protozoa, determined using cultivation methods and microscopy, range from Ͻ1 to 10 4 cells liter Ϫ1 in treated water (3,47,70,75) and from Ͻ1 to 7 ϫ 10 5 cells liter Ϫ1 in distribution systems (6,61,64,75).…”

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Free-Living Protozoa in Two Unchlorinated Drinking Water Supplies, Identified by Phylogenic Analysis of 18S rRNA Gene Sequences

Valster

Wullings

Bakker³

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Free-living protozoan communities in water supplies may include hosts for Legionella pneumophila and other undesired bacteria, as well as pathogens. This study aimed at identifying free-living protozoa in two unchlorinated groundwater supplies, using cultivation-independent molecular approaches. For this purpose, samples (<20°C) of treated water, distributed water, and distribution system biofilms were collected from supply A, with a low concentration of natural organic matter (NOM) (<0.5 ppm of C), and from supply B, with a high NOM concentration (7.9 ppm of C). Eukaryotic communities were studied using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library analyses of partial 18S rRNA gene fragments and a Hartmannella vermiformis-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR). In both supplies, highly diverse eukaryotic communities were observed, including free-living protozoa, fungi, and metazoa. Sequences of protozoa clustered with Amoebozoa (10 operational taxonomic units [OTUs]), Cercozoa (39 OTUs), Choanozoa (26 OTUs), Ciliophora (29 OTUs), Euglenozoa (13 OTUs), Myzozoa (5 OTUs), and Stramenopiles (5 OTUs). A large variety of protozoa were present in both supplies, but the estimated values for protozoan richness did not differ significantly. H. vermiformis was observed in both supplies but was not a predominant protozoan. One OTU with the highest similarity to Acanthamoeba polyphaga, an opportunistic human pathogen and a host for undesired bacteria, was observed in supply A. The high level of NOM in supply B corresponded with an elevated level of active biomass and with elevated concentrations of H. vermiformis in distributed water. Hence, the application of qPCR may be promising in elucidating the relationship between drinking water quality and the presence of specific protozoa.Free-living protozoa are ubiquitous in natural freshwater environments (7,38,51,71) but also proliferate in engineered water systems, including water treatment systems (3,47,70), distribution systems (6, 75), and tap water installations inside buildings (54, 69). Concentrations of protozoa, determined using cultivation methods and microscopy, range from Ͻ1 to 10 4 cells liter Ϫ1 in treated water (3,47,70,75) and from Ͻ1 to 7 ϫ 10 5 cells liter Ϫ1 in distribution systems (6,61,64,75). Genera of free-living protozoa commonly observed in these systems and in tap water installations include Acanthamoeba,

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“…In tropical and 44 subtropical countries, some species of invertebrates can act as secondary hosts for parasites and 45 thereby pose a serious health risk to consumers (Evins 2004). In temperate areas, the presence of the 46 animals is largely regarded as an aesthetic problem (van Lieverloo et al 2002). However, previous 47 6 Water samples from pipes were collected by flushing from above ground fire hydrants.…”

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confidence: 99%

Distribution of Asellus aquaticus and microinvertebrates in a non-chlorinated drinking water supply system – Effects of pipe material and sedimentation

Christensen

Nissen²,

Arvin

et al. 2011

Water Research

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Invertebrates and Protozoa (Free‐Living) in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Abstract: Significance Drinking Water Fauna Ecology Abundance Control

Cited by 10 publications

References 44 publications

Relationships between Free-Living Protozoa, Cultivable Legionella spp., and Water Quality Characteristics in Three Drinking Water Supplies in the Caribbean

Relationships between Free-Living Protozoa, Cultivable Legionella spp., and Water Quality Characteristics in Three Drinking Water Supplies in the Caribbean

Free-Living Protozoa in Two Unchlorinated Drinking Water Supplies, Identified by Phylogenic Analysis of 18S rRNA Gene Sequences

Distribution of Asellus aquaticus and microinvertebrates in a non-chlorinated drinking water supply system – Effects of pipe material and sedimentation

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