Invertebrate cytokines: tunicate cell proliferation stimulated by an interleukin 1-like molecule.

Abstract

Tunicte pharyngeal cells include lymphocyte-like cells and granular amoebocytes. They are Involved in the specific lgeneic and phagocytic reactions of tunites.Little is known about their regulation or control. A tunicate Interleukin 1 (IL-1)-Hlke fraction is shown to snulate the prliferation of these cels in vitro. This fraction, designated tunicate IL-f1, was isolated from tunicate hemolymph by gel fltration and chromatofociusing chromatography. Mitogenic responses to tuncte L1 were dose dependent and could be eliminated rapidly by removing tunicate IL-1L from culture medium. A second tun hte molymph fraction had no effect on tunicate cell proliferation even though it exhibited IL-1-like activity in a mouse thymocyte proliferation assay. Phytohemawglutinin did not act synergistically with either fraction.These data are diused in terms of the function and evolution Of IL-i-like molecules in invertebrates.cate hemolymph and the 20-kDa tunicate IL-i-like proteins are inhibited by preincubation with anti-mammalian IL-1 antibodies (2).These data suggest that cytokine-like molecules have been conserved during evolution to the degree that functional cross-reactivity occurs over large phylogenetic distances (1,3,6 Gel-Filtration Chromatography. Tunicate IL-1 molecules were purified from 100 ml of tunicate cell-free hemolymph. The hemolymph was cleared by centrifugation (10,000 x g for 30 min at 40C) and concentrated =10:1 by ultrafiltration using a PM 10 membrane (Amicon). The concentrate was applied to an Ultrogel AcA 54 gel-filtration column (2.6 x 85 cm; Pharmacia). This column was calibrated with bovine serum albumin (67 kDa), ovalbumin (43 kDa), chymotrypsinogen A (25 kDa), and RNase A (13.7 kDa) (Pharmacia) as size standards. The column was eluted (1 ml/min; 40C) with

Drosophilaimmunity. A sequence homologous to mammalian interferon consensus response element enhances the activity of the diptericin promoter

“…Our results inevitably raise the question whether Drosophila has interferon-related molecules implicated in the control of the immune response. Although several reports in the recent literature point to the existence of cytokine-like activities in various invertebrates (27,28), no such molecules have been fimly identified so far. The identification of factors of the IRF family (29) involved in the signal transduction pathway elicited by such signal molecules could be an interesting approach for their isolation.…”

Ultrastructural aspects of naturally occurring wound in the tunic of two ascidians: Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata (Tunicata)

“…Indeed, molecules recognized by antibodies against the mammalian proinflammatory cytokines IL-1-a and TNF-␣, have been reported in several ascidian species (Ballarin et al, 2001;Cima et al, 2004;Parrinello et al, 2007;Raftos et al, 1991Raftos et al, , 1992. Their presence increases during the rejection reaction which occurs when genetically incompatible colonies of Botryllus contact each other (Cima et al, 2006;Franchi et al, 2014) and also during inflammatory-like reaction challenged in the C. intestinalis body wall by inoculation with LPS (Parrinello et al, 2007).…”

Presence and role of cytokines and growth factors in invertebrates

“…It is interesting to note that cytokine-like molecules in the molluscs Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus ater (Ottaviani et al, 1993a), the insect C. vomitoria (Franchini et al, 1996b) and the annelid E. foetida (Cooper et al, 1995) are always present in hemocytes with phagocytic activity. Cytokine-like substances have been reported in the coelomic fluid and coelomocytes of the echinoderms Pisaster ochraceus and Asterias forbesi (Beck & Habicht, 1986Burke & Watkins, 1991) and in various tunicates {Botryllus schlosserii, Styela plicata, Styela clava, Molgula occidentalis, Ciona intestinalis, Amaroucium pellucidum) (Beck et al, 1989;Raftos et al, 1991). These species belong to the deuterostome taxa and are considered more advanced invertebrates.…”

“…Moreover, an IL-6-like molecule has also been isolated from the coelomic fluid in A. forbesi, and this material has been found to be a protein showing characteristics similar to those reported for vertebrate IL-6 (Kishimoto, 1989;Beck & Habicht, 1994). An IL-1-like fraction, designated tunicate IL-lß, has been isolated from hemolymph of the tunicate S. clava, and this fraction is able to stimulate the proliferation of tunicate cells in vitro (Raftos et al, 1991).…”