Inverse supercritical fluid extraction as a sample preparation method for the analysis of the nanoparticle content in sunscreen agents

Müller, David; Cattaneo, Stefano; Meier, Florian; Welz, Roland; Vries, Tjerk de; Portugal-Cohen, Meital; António, Diana C.; Cascio, Claudia; Calzolai, Luigi; Gilliland, Douglas; Mello, Andrew J. de

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.060

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The morphology was similar to observed from SEM analysis. In general TiO 2 ENMs in sunscreen extracts have been reported to be morphologically polydispersed [6,12,21,32,44,55]. Overall the current findings were complementary to earlier reports.…”

Section: Extractionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…It is in this context that sunscreens were selected in the current study as a model for NEPs to examine TiO 2 ENMs environmental exposure. Research efforts pertaining sunscreens and nanopollution have largely focussed on extraction protocols for ENMs and determination of their physico-chemical properties [6,7,12,36,44,55] and fewer towards release assessment [9,18,64]. Therefore more data is still required with respect to the released ENMs and their characteristics in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of titanium oxide nanomaterials in sunscreens obtained by extraction and release exposure scenarios

et al. 2019

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The application of titanium oxide engineered nanomaterials (TiO 2 ENMs) in products is dominant in sunscreens and can be released into water systems with relative ease during sunscreen use. The current study examined the physicochemical properties of the TiO 2 ENMs extracted from three sunscreens (SUN A, B, and C) and also released during bathing into deionised and tap water. The TiO 2 ENMs were identified in all the sunscreen extract samples using scanning and transmitting electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The mode length of the ENMs measured with SEM were 67.6, 69.8, and 51.8 nm for SUN A, B, and C respectively whereas their width were 31.3, 38.7, and 27.7 nm. From TEM analysis the ENMs length and width mode sizes respectively were 73.9 and 14.5 nm for SUN A, 81.5 and 16.3 nm for SUN B, and 44.7 and 14.0 nm for SUN C. The Ti content of the sunscreens was 1.9, 0.6, and 0.5% w/w respectively for SUN A, B, and C. During bathing TiO 2 ENMs were released into wastewater and were in the size range of 47-218, 102-153, and 92-138 nm for SUN A, B, and C respectively in DI wastewater. In tap wastewater they were 100-241, 100-477, and 67-150 nm SUN A, B, and C respectively. The determined environmental concentrations for the ENMs in DI wastewater ranged 0.2-1.16 µg/L, whereas in tap wastewater it was 0.16-0.17 µg/L. The morphologies of the extracted and released ENMs were a mixture of rods, plates, irregular, and near spherical. The released Ti quantity significantly differed between DI and tap wastewater for SUN B and C, indicating the influence of wastewater quality in the exposure profile of ENMs in water systems.

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Section: Extractionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of titanium oxide nanomaterials in sunscreens obtained by extraction and release exposure scenarios

et al. 2019

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“…To extract the oil, ground seeds were placed in a 100 mL extraction chamber and subjected to a constant supercritical CO 2 flow of 100 g min −1 at 40 °C and 131 bars for 30 min. Applied parameters of the extraction were adapted from the previous studies …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Extraction Technique and Genotype on the Oil Yield and Composition of Lipophilic Compounds in the Oil Recovered from Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) Seeds

Górnaś

Siger

Rudzińska

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The impact of the extraction technique and genotype on the oil yield and profile/concentration of fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and squalene in oil obtained from the seeds of three Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) cultivars (“Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa”) are studied. The oil recovery from Japanese quince seeds is affected by two factors; extraction technique, and genotype. The lowest oil recovery is recorded for the cold‐press method and cv. “Rondo,” and the highest for ultrasonic extractions and cv. “Rasa.” The profile of fatty acids in Japanese quince seed oil is dominated by three fatty acids C18:2, C18:1, and C16:0. The extraction method does not impact fatty acid and tocopherol composition as well as squalene content, as opposed to genotype, which has a statistically significant impact. The composition of tocopherols in the Japanese quince seed oil is dominated by the α‐T (97%), while the β‐T and γ‐T constituted only minor level (below 2% of each). The extraction type and genotype have a significant impact on the composition of the most of sterols. Regardless of the type of extraction and genotype, the β‐sitosterol consists of over 80% of total sterols in Japanese quince seed oil. The plant genotype is the key factor, which determines the profile of the fatty acids and the concentration of bioactive compounds in the extracted oil from Japanese quince seed, while the extraction technique plays a secondary role. Practical Applications: The agro‐industrial by‐products generated by the fruit industry, for example, seeds, continue to rise year to year. One of the more popular processed fruit crop is Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica). This study demonstrates the impact of the extraction technique (four methods of extractions: cold‐pressing, supercritical CO2 fluid, ultrasound‐assisted, and Soxhlet) and genotype (three cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa”) on oil yield, fatty acid profile, and concentration of tocopherols, sterols, and squalene. Provided information can help with more efficient utilization of the tonnes of seeds generated by the fruit industry and consequently contributing to the more effective use of harvested plant material as well as health, economic, and environmental benefits. The impact of the extraction technique and genotype on the oil yield and profile/concentration of fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols and squalene in oil obtained from the seeds of three Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) cultivars (“Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa”) are studied. The plant genotype is the key factor which determines the profile of the fatty acids and the concentration of bioactive compounds in the extracted oil from Japanese quince seed, while the extraction technique plays a secondary role.

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“…The alkaline detergent mix FL-70 was selected for testing because it has been successfully used for AF4 analysis of different types of inorganic particles [39] [8,13,42]. There were some differences in the AF4-ICP-MS fractograms obtained for toothpaste dispersions in 0.05% w/w SDS (pH 5-6) and 0.025% v/v FL-70 (pH 10.3), mostly for the 27 Al signal ( Figure S6).…”

Section: Carrier Liquid Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Determining the Size Distribution of Nanoparticles in Consumer Products by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry: The Example of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 Nanoparticles in Toothpaste

et al. 2018

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According to the current European regulation on cosmetics, any ingredient present as a nanomaterial should be indicated in the ingredient list. There is a need for analytical methods capable of determining the size of the relevant ingredients and thus assessing if these are nanomaterials or not. An analytical method based on asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was developed to determine the size of particles present in a commercial toothpaste. Multi-angle light scattering (MALS) was used for on-line size determination. The number-based particle size distributions (PSDs) of the particles were retrieved upon mathematical conversion of the mass-based PSDs recovered from the AF4-ICP-MS fractograms. AF4-ICP-MS allowed to separate and detect Al2O3 and TiO2 particles in the toothpaste and to retrieve a correct TiO2 number-based PSD. The potential presence of particles in the lower size range of the Al2O3 mass-based PSD had a strong impact on sizing and nanomaterial classification upon conversion. AF4 coupled with ICP-MS and MALS was found to be a powerful approach for characterization of different particles in a multiple-particle system such as toothpaste. Confirmation of particle size by a secondary method such as single particle ICP-MS or hydrodynamic chromatography was crucial.

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Inverse supercritical fluid extraction as a sample preparation method for the analysis of the nanoparticle content in sunscreen agents

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Characterisation of titanium oxide nanomaterials in sunscreens obtained by extraction and release exposure scenarios

Characterisation of titanium oxide nanomaterials in sunscreens obtained by extraction and release exposure scenarios

Impact of the Extraction Technique and Genotype on the Oil Yield and Composition of Lipophilic Compounds in the Oil Recovered from Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) Seeds

Challenges in Determining the Size Distribution of Nanoparticles in Consumer Products by Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry: The Example of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 Nanoparticles in Toothpaste

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