“…Therefore, researchers have proposed different control methods as to ameliorate the position/force control performance of PAM-based manipulators. Recent approaches to PAM-based position/force control have included PID control, haptic control, 17 optimal MPC control, 18 sliding mode control, 19 adaptive tracking control, 20 control through experimental modeling in Ganguly et al, 21 adaptive robust posture control in Zhu et al 22 and different meta-heuristic methods including neural-based PAM model 23 and hybrid neuro-fuzzy/GA observer in Carbonell et al 24 and Lilly and Chang, 25 evolutionary differential neural-based controller in Son et al, 26 hybrid fuzzy-based robust controller for PAM-based micro-robot, 27 iterative fuzzy controller for pneumatic muscle driven rehabilitation robot, 28 adaptive self-organizing fuzzy sliding mode controller for a 2-DOF PAM-based rehabilitation robot, 29 and so on. The main restriction of these intelligent control algorithms is that several methods still lack satisfactory robustness and accuracy; meanwhile, other algorithms prove too complex to be applied in practice.…”