“…For the validation, the present model was compared with a reference model employing the finite element method (FEM) along with the Kalman filter and recursive least-squares algorithm. The details of the reference model can be found elsewhere [22]. For both models, the initial temperature was T 0 = 298.15 K, the number of node elements was E = 25, the sampling interval was Dt = 0.001 s, and the exact transient heat flux profile was given as follows.…”