Inverse Correlation between Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Demonstrated by Linear and Nonlinear Analysis

Kazmi, Syed Zaki Hassan; Zhang, Henggui; Aziz, Wajid; Monfredi, Oliver; Abbas, Syed Ali; Shah, Sajjad Ali; Butt, Wasi Haider

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157557

Cited by 70 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Heart rate in general49 and also selective heart rate reduction by ivabradine are inversely correlated to HRV, as shown in a study with conscious rats 50. Improvement of HRV with ivabradine was blocked in this model by administration of the beta-blocker propranolol or the muscarinic antagonist atropine, indicating the critical importance of the two components of the autonomic nervous system.…”

Section: Ivabradine – Mode Of Action and Pharmacologysupporting

confidence: 55%

Advances in the management of heart failure: the role of ivabradine

Müller‐Werdan

Stöckl

Werdan

2016

VHRM

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A high resting heart rate (≥70–75 b.p.m.) is a risk factor for patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF), probably in the sense of accelerated atherosclerosis, with an increased morbidity and mortality. Beta-blockers not only reduce heart rate but also have negative inotropic and blood pressure-lowering effects, and therefore, in many patients, they cannot be given in the recommended dose. Ivabradine specifically inhibits the pacemaker current (funny current, If) of the sinoatrial node cells, resulting in therapeutic heart rate lowering without any negative inotropic and blood pressure-lowering effect. According to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines, ivabradine should be considered to reduce the risk of HF hospitalization and cardiovascular death in symptomatic patients with a reduced left ventricular EF ≤35% and sinus rhythm ≥70 b.p.m. despite treatment with an evidence-based dose of beta-blocker or a dose below the recommended dose (recommendation class “IIa” = weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy: “should be considered”; level of evidence “B” = data derived from a single randomized clinical trial or large nonrandomized studies). Using a heart rate cutoff of ≥ 75 b.p.m., as licensed by the European Medicines Agency, treatment with ivabradine 5–7.5 mg b.i.d. reduces cardiovascular mortality by 17%, HF mortality by 39% and HF hospitalization rate by 30%. A high resting heart rate is not only a risk factor in HF with reduced EF but also at least a risk marker in HF with preserved EF, in acute HF and also in special forms of HF. In this review, we discuss the proven role of ivabradine in the validated indication “HF with reduced EF” together with interesting preliminary findings, and the potential role of ivabradine in further, specific forms of HF.

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Section: Ivabradine – Mode Of Action and Pharmacologysupporting

confidence: 55%

Advances in the management of heart failure: the role of ivabradine

Müller‐Werdan

Stöckl

Werdan

2016

VHRM

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“…However, HRV analysis is still under investigation due to HRV characteristics that could lead to physiological misinterpretations (Osaka et al, 1993; Chiu et al, 2003). ANS modulation is linked to ANS tone (HR mean) and, as a consequence, an increase in the sympathetic activity and a decrease in the vagal tone are related to an increment in the HR and a reduction on its variability (Chiu et al, 2003; Kazmi et al, 2016). This implies that there is a physiological correlation between HRV and HR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Heart Rate in Non-linear HRV Indices as a Sampling Rate Effect Evaluated on Supine and Standing

et al. 2016

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The purpose of this study is to characterize and attenuate the influence of mean heart rate (HR) on nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) indices (correlation dimension, sample, and approximate entropy) as a consequence of being the HR the intrinsic sampling rate of HRV signal. This influence can notably alter nonlinear HRV indices and lead to biased information regarding autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation. First, a simulation study was carried out to characterize the dependence of nonlinear HRV indices on HR assuming similar ANS modulation. Second, two HR-correction approaches were proposed: one based on regression formulas and another one based on interpolating RR time series. Finally, standard and HR-corrected HRV indices were studied in a body position change database. The simulation study showed the HR-dependence of non-linear indices as a sampling rate effect, as well as the ability of the proposed HR-corrections to attenuate mean HR influence. Analysis in a body position changes database shows that correlation dimension was reduced around 21% in median values in standing with respect to supine position (p < 0.05), concomitant with a 28% increase in mean HR (p < 0.05). After HR-correction, correlation dimension decreased around 18% in standing with respect to supine position, being the decrease still significant. Sample and approximate entropy showed similar trends. HR-corrected nonlinear HRV indices could represent an improvement in their applicability as markers of ANS modulation when mean HR changes.

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“…Finally, major concerns have been raised regarding the influence of HR on HRV. Monfredi et al (2014) and Kazmi et al (2016) showed a nonlinear inverse relationship between HR and HRV (i.e., variability in HR decreases as HR increases), implying that HRV might simply be an indirect measure of HR (Monfredi et al, 2014). The latter authors indicated that it is possible to control for the effect of HR on HRV with a nonlinear correction.…”

Section: Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Ede

Lecorps

Keyserlingk

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Affective states, which refer to feelings or emotions, are a key component of animal welfare, but these are also difficult to assess. Drawing upon a body of theoretical and applied work, we critically review the scientific literature on the assessment of affective states in animals, drawing examples where possible from research on dairy cattle, and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of scientific methods used to assess affective states in animals. We adopt the "valence/arousal" framework, describing affect as a 2-dimensional space (with valence referring to whether an experience is positive or negative, and arousal referring to the intensity of the experience). We conclude that spontaneous physiological and behavioral responses typically reflect arousal, whereas learned responses can be valuable when investigating valence. We also conclude that the assessment of affective states can be furthered using mood assessments and that the use of drug treatments with known emotional effects in humans can be helpful in the assessment of specific affective states in animals.

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Inverse Correlation between Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Demonstrated by Linear and Nonlinear Analysis

Cited by 70 publications

References 17 publications

Advances in the management of heart failure: the role of ivabradine

Advances in the management of heart failure: the role of ivabradine

Influence of Heart Rate in Non-linear HRV Indices as a Sampling Rate Effect Evaluated on Supine and Standing

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

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