Inventory of Wood Residues in Southern West Virginia

Grushecky, Shawn T.; McGill, David W.; Anderson, R. Bruce

doi:10.1093/njaf/23.1.47

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…These results were not statistically significant due to variability within treatment groups and widely unequal sample sizes. Variability in DCWD retention levels and spatial distribution is common for both bioenergy and nonbioenergy harvests (Grushecky et al, 2006;Briedis et al, 2011b). DCWD is often left both scattered and clumped (Harmon et al, 1986), with as much as 16-50% of all downed wood (FWD and DCWD) piled on skid trails, often deliberately to reduce soil impacts (Briedis et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Harvesting Effects On Dead C Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors contributing to carbon fluxes from bioenergy harvests in theU.S. Northeast: an analysis using field data

Mika

Keeton

2012

GCB Bioenergy

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With growing interest in wood bioenergy there is uncertainty over greenhouse gas emissions associated with offsetting fossil fuels. Although quantifying postharvest carbon (C) fluxes will require accurate data, relatively few studies have evaluated these using field data from actual bioenergy harvests. We assessed C reductions and net fluxes immediately postharvest from whole-tree harvests (WTH), bioenergy harvests without WTH, and nonbioenergy harvests at 35 sites across the northeastern United States. We compared the aboveground forest C in harvested with paired unharvested sites, and analyzed the C transferred to wood products and C emissions from energy generation from harvested sites, including indirect emissions from harvesting, transporting, and processing. All harvests reduced live tree C; however, only bioenergy harvests using WTH significantly reduced C stored in snags (P < 0.01). On average, WTH sites also decreased downed coarse woody debris C while the other harvest types showed increases, although these results were not statistically significant. Bioenergy harvests using WTH generated fewer wood products and resulted in more emissions released from bioenergy than the other two types of harvests, which resulted in a greater net flux of C (P < 0.01). A Classification and Regression Tree analysis determined that it was not the type of harvest or amount of bioenergy generated, but rather the type of skidding machinery and specifics of silvicultural treatment that had the largest impact on net C flux. Although additional research is needed to determine the impact of bioenergy harvesting over multiple rotations and at landscape scales, we conclude that operational factors often associated with WTH may result in an overall intensification of C fluxes. The intensification of bioenergy harvests, and subsequent C emissions, that result from these operational factors could be reduced if operators select smaller equipment and leave a portion of tree tops on site.

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Section: Harvesting Effects On Dead C Poolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors contributing to carbon fluxes from bioenergy harvests in theU.S. Northeast: an analysis using field data

Mika

Keeton

2012

GCB Bioenergy

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“…At each collection area, three discs (102 mm thick) of large end diameter range of 203-253 mm were collected respectively for red oak and yellow-poplar species. This diameter range was based on a survey conducted in 2002, where average diameter inside bark of red oak and yellow-poplar logging residues were about 203 to 253 mm respectively (Grushecky et al 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreatments and energy potentials of Appalachian hardwood residues for biofuel production

Adebayo¹

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PRETREATMENTS AND ENERGY POTENTIALS OF APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD RESIDUES FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION by Adebayo Bamikole Adebola Continuous increase in crude oil price and environmental issues related to toxic emissions from the use of petroleum products has necessitated the need to find an alternative renewable source of energy in woody biomass. Accordingly, properties, chemical pretreatments, and enzymatic hydrolysis of logging residues to fermentable sugars were evaluated in this study. Logging residue specimens of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red oak (Quercus rubra) were collected from fifteen previously harvested sites across West Virginia and then analyzed for their physical, chemical, and thermal properties. Results indicated that logging residues of yellow-poplar and red oak were dried in nature to a moisture content that ranged from 7.4% to 39%. Chemical analysis showed higher extractives and lignin contents for decayed wood samples collected in 2005 harvested sites. Heating value showed no significant difference between sapwood and heartwood residues of undecayed and decayed logging residues. The effects of low alkali mixtures and hydrogen peroxide solutions at 80°C over variable cook time were evaluated on sound and decayed wood residues of yellow-poplar and red oak using two chemical treatments: (1) ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (ASO) and (2) hydrogen peroxide/ ammonium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (PASO) mixture. Effects of ultrasonication, microwave and hydrogen peroxide prior to enzymatic hydrolysis was also evaluated on yellow poplar residue. Results indicated wood hydrolysis rate increases with an increase in sodium hydroxide concentration and cook time for ASO and PASO chemical treatments on all wood residues. All observed alkali treatments showed little or no effect on the decomposition of lignin content of wood residues. Measured sugar content after alkali treatments and enzymatic hydrolysis ranged from 50 to 81 mg/ml from ASO/PASO treated yellow poplar and red oak residues. Enzymatic hydrolysis of ASO and PASO treated residues hydrolyzed approximately 61% of the original wood content, while over 80% of hardwood pulp fibers and paper wastes were digested to sugar. Ultrasonication reduced wood particles into nano scale sizes. During the chemical pretreatment wood, constituents were progressively hydrolyzed (ranged from 20-100%) with increases in temperature within 10 minutes of cook time in the microwave into high molecular weight sugars. Hydrolysis of wood particles in the pretreatment chemical was directly proportional to temperature and time, regardless of particle size. Sugar production via enzymatic hydrolysis from pretreated yellow-poplar residue gave comparable glucose yield range of 80 to 110 mg/ml when compared to lignin free cellulose.

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“…), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and hickory (Carya spp. ; Schuler et al 2017), are declining within overstories and understories of forests in West Virginia due to highgrade timbering (Grushecky et al 2006, Rentch et al 2010, intense deer browsing (Rooney and Waller 2003, Miller et al 2009, Nuttle et al 2013, insect and disease damage (Houston 1994, Kelly et al 2007, Thompson et al 2017, competition with shade-tolerant species (Gundy et al 2014), and lack of fire regiments (Brose 2014, Gundy et al 2015, Edgar and Griscom 2017, Saladyga 2017. Such forest compositional changes could lead to a shift in the dietary habits of bobcats.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Bobcat Population Ecology in West Virginia

Landry¹

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Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are a popular furbearer and game species throughout their range in North America, where they serve as a top predator in many of their ecosystems. However, bobcat populations across their range declined during the 1800s and early 1900s due to overharvest. Overharvest and habitat loss in Europe also affected the Iberian lynx (L. pardinus), resulting in the listing of all Lynx spp. under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 1977. Bobcats were listed under Appendix II, which required that state management agencies monitor their bobcat populations for stability. Since their listing, bobcat populations have experienced a large-scale increase in abundance in most areas of their range, partly due to the conversion of agricultural lands to early successional forests that supported ample prey populations during the mid-20 th century. However, as forests in West Virginia mature, their common, early-successional prey species, such as rabbits and small rodents, may experience population declines. Availability of small mammal populations during winter is an important factor for survival of juvenile bobcats. Bobcats are harvested annually for their pelts in West Virginia, where the bobcat harvest season runs from November-February with a 3-bobcat limit per licensed person per season. West Virginia's bobcat population has not been studied since the late 1970s when there was no annual harvest limit enacted on the population. Therefore, current estimates and demographic data are needed before making further management decisions for the bobcat population. We collected 524 bobcat carcasses from hunters and trappers across West Virginia over 2 harvest seasons (i.e., 2014-2015, 2015-2016) to determine current demographic data, such as age structure, sex ratio, reproductive rates, and survival, which are used to determine population change rates for bobcats under current state harvest regulations. We also subsampled 300 bobcats for stomach contents to determine current winter dietary habits. Proportion and diversity of prey items selected by bobcats is often correlated with prey abundances and habitat quality, which can allude to dietary availability for bobcats over winter. We found that bobcats in West Virginia have an even sex ratio and are predominately adults >2 years old (50%), followed by yearlings (1-2 yr; 30%) and juveniles (<1 yr; 20%). Reproductively active females (>1 yr) averaged 1.54 kittens/female annually, with young born from mid-April to mid-August. Mean juvenile survival over both harvest seasons was 0.82, while mean yearling survival was 0.77 and mean adult survival was 0.61 over both harvest seasons. Rate of population change was +44% after the first harvest season and remained stable after the second. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) occurred more frequently in the diets of male bobcats, whereas lagomorphs occurred more frequently in females. Small and medium-sized rodents, such as squirre...

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Inventory of Wood Residues in Southern West Virginia

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Factors contributing to carbon fluxes from bioenergy harvests in theU.S. Northeast: an analysis using field data

Factors contributing to carbon fluxes from bioenergy harvests in theU.S. Northeast: an analysis using field data

Pretreatments and energy potentials of Appalachian hardwood residues for biofuel production

Bobcat Population Ecology in West Virginia

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