Inventing citizens during World War I: Suffrage cartoons inthe woman citizen

The State of the Art in Feminist Scholarship in Communication

“…Moreover, in recent years, such work is distinguished not only by its focus on feminist public discourse, but also by its use of the critique of that discourse to understand the possibilities and limitations of historical and contemporary feminist projects. From an early focus on orator studies (still a considerable focus in current scholarship, see Anderson, 2002;Behling, 2002;Brookey, 1998;Gutgold, 2001;Hayden, 1999aHayden, , 1999bHuxman, 2001;McGee, 2003;Miller, 1999;Olson, 1998;Shepler & Mattina, 1999;Suzuki, 2000;Voss & Rowland, 2000), scholarship on feminist discourse has expanded to include nonoratorical forms, such as books, newspapers, manifestos, letters, and petitions (Gring-Pemble, 1998;Gring-Pemble & Blair, 2000;Pearce, 1999, Pearson, 1999Ray, 2003;Stormer, 2001;Zaeske, 2002) and nondiscursive forms such as cartoons, posters, parades, marches, and violent protest tactics (Borda, 2002;Demo, 2000;Foss & Domenici, 2001;Kowal, 2000;Ramsey, 2000).…”

Visions of Protest. A Media‐Historic Perspective on Images in Social Movements

“…In this media‐historic constellation, discussions of images in print and electronic media are dominated by an assumed split between commercial and public mass media on the one side and alternative media on the other. Media practices of social movement activists in this phase are characterized by the assumption that social movements have to create counter‐publics to challenge the distorted coverage of what is referred to as “mainstream media.” Accordingly, the research can be divided into contributions focusing on the portrayal of protests in newspapers, magazines, and TV broadcasts (Arpan et al , Corrigall‐Brown and Wilkes , Perlmutter and Wagner , Rohlinger and Klein , Wetzel ) and those investigating activist‐made media such as posters and stickers, leaflets and magazines, and photos and videos (Brunow , Daphi et al , Goodnow , Juhasz , Maclean , Mattoni , Miller , Morrison and Isaac , Ramsey ).…”

Making News Necessary: How Journalism Resists Alternative Media's Challenge*

“…This argument that women were the guardians of moral values and that their chief occupation was raising children would ultimately be used by women agitating for the right to vote. They argued that their presence would help to ''clean up'' politics and public life (Bernard) and that if they were capable of raising good citizens, they were surely capable of being good citizens (Ramsey, 2000). However, echoes of this way of thinking reverberate to this day in what are defined as ''women's issues.…”