Invasive Species as Hosts of Zoonotic Infections: The Case of American Mink (Neovison vison) and Leishmania infantum

Abstract

Leishmania infantum produces an endemic disease in the Mediterranean Basin that affects humans and domestic and wild mammals, which can act as reservoir or minor host. In this study, we analyzed the presence of the parasite in wild American minks, an invasive species in Spain. We screened for L. infantum DNA by PCR using five primer pairs: Two targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), and the rest targeting the ITS1 region, the small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU) and a repetitive sequence (Repeat region). The detection limit was determined for each method using a strain of L. infantum and a bone marrow sample from an infected dog. PCR approaches employing the Repeat region and kDNA (RV1/RV2 primers) showed higher sensitivity than the other PCR methods when control samples were employed. However, only PCR of the Repeat region and nested PCR of SSU (LnSSU) detected the parasite in the samples, while the other three were unable to do so. The majority of the analyzed animals (90.1%) tested positive. American mink may act as an incidental host of the disease for other mammals and should be further investigated, not only for their negative impact on the local fauna, but also as carriers of zoonotic diseases.

Cryobanking European Mink (<i>Mustela lutreola</i>) Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Oocytes

“…On the one hand, in situ conservation measures are not producing the expected results due to the difficulty of eradicating the exotic American mink in European mink natural areas. The American mink not only competes for the same ecological niche as the European mink but it also poses a threat as a vehicle for infectious pathologies [22] [23] [24]. On the other hand, reproductive management and reproductive methodologies in breeding centers have limitations in obtaining sufficient healthy litters for release into natural habitats [25] [11] [26] and in ensuring appropriate genetic diversity.…”

Cryobanking European Mink (Mustela lutreola) Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Oocytes

“…On the one hand, in situ conservation measures are not producing the expected results due to the difficulty of eradicating the exotic American mink in natural European mink habitats. The American mink not only competes for the same ecological niche as the European mink, but it also poses a threat as a vehicle for infectious pathologies [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. On the other hand, reproductive management and reproductive methodologies in breeding centers have limitations in obtaining sufficient healthy litters for release into natural habitats [ 11 , 25 , 26 ] and in ensuring appropriate genetic diversity.…”

Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response Mediated by Nucleotides in Canine Leishmaniosis

“…Besides vectorial transmission, vertical transmission and transmission by blood transfusion have been described as well, and recently even in utero transmission were also reported [14]. The domestic dog is the primary reservoir of L. infantum, although other mammalian reservoirs also exist [1,[15][16][17][18]. It has been suggested that cats, rabbits, and ferrets may act not only as accidental hosts, but also as reservoirs [2,[19][20][21][22].…”