Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease

Abstract

Purpose of review-To highlight and discuss important publications over the past 12 months providing new insights on invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella disease (iNTS).Recent findings-There have been informative new estimates of the burden of iNTS in Asia and in high-resource low-incidence settings. Important information has emerged in the last year about the relationships between HIV, malaria, iNTS and typhoid fever in adults and children in Africa. HIV causes susceptibility to iNTS disease, but has been shown to be protective against typhoid fever. Clinical guidelines for presumptive diagnosis frequently fail to identify iNTS disease in Africa, and there remains a need for improved diagnostic tools. Experimental studies in humans have helped us to understand the intracellular pathogenesis of iNTS and to direct the search for appropriate protein vaccine targets.Summary-The most important remaining gap in our knowledge is probably an understanding of how NTS are transmitted, and the nature of the relationship between diarrhoeal disease, carriage and invasive disease in Africa, so that diagnostic and prevention tools can be appropriately directed.

Integrative Analysis of Salmonellosis in Israel Reveals Association of Salmonella enterica Serovar 9,12:l,v:− with Extraintestinal Infections, Dissemination of Endemic S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104 Biotypes, and Severe Underreporting of Outbreaks

“…This invasive index is more than 2-fold higher than the invasive index of S. Typhimurium (3.4%, P value Ͻ 0.001) or the mean invasive index of all NTS serovars (3.6%, P value Ͻ 0.001). These results reinforce the notion that NTS serovars may differ in their ability to induce invasive disease and may suggest that some serovar-specific genetic factors are likely to play a role in the manifestation of invasive salmonellosis in addition to many known host factors that were recently reviewed (23). Genomic characterization of S. 9,12:l,v:؊.…”

Design of Glycoconjugate Vaccines against Invasive African Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

“…almonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis generally cause mild gastroenteritis in developed countries but are a predominant cause of invasive bloodstream infection in sub-Saharan Africa, especially among young children and HIV-infected individuals (1,2). The case-fatality rate of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, mainly caused by serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, is ca.…”

Replication of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

“…While most cases in healthy humans consist of a self-limiting gastroenteritis, it can cause life-threatening systemic bacteremia in some patients (2). Although fairly rare in the developed world, in sub-Saharan Africa there is a large population made susceptible due to malaria and advanced AIDS, and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) serovars such as Typhimurium are the most common bacteria isolated from the bloodstream of patients presenting with fever (1).…”