Invasive <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>
 disease in adults. A prospective, population-based surveillance

Farley, Monica M.; Stephens, D. S.; Brachman, Philip S.; Harvey, Roderick; Smith, Jeanette; Wenger, Jay D.; Broome, Claire V.; Ransom, Ray; Pierce, Rebecca; Deaver, Katherine; Stull, Terrence L.; Hayes, Peggy S.; Facklam, Richard R.; Pigott, Nan E.; Franklin, Ari; Bosley, G S; Elliott, John A.

doi:10.1016/0020-7292(93)90239-s

Cited by 34 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Although invasive H. influenzae disease was primarily a childhood disease in the prevaccine era, serious infections caused by unencapsulated strains were noted in adults (234,235). The incidence of invasive H. influenzae disease may actually have increased in recent years (227,229), but since Hib vaccine failure is rare (236), most invasive infections occur in the extreme ages of life and in patients with predisposing conditions (224,226,229,232).…”

Section: Haemophilus Influenzae In the Post-hib-vaccine Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species with Host Specificity for Humans

2014

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SUMMARY The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the current classification and identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species with exclusive or predominant host specificity for humans. Haemophilus influenzae and some of the other Haemophilus species are commonly encountered in the clinical microbiology laboratory and demonstrate a wide range of pathogenicity, from life-threatening invasive disease to respiratory infections to a nonpathogenic, commensal lifestyle. New species of Haemophilus have been described ( Haemophilus pittmaniae and Haemophilus sputorum ), and the new genus Aggregatibacter was created to accommodate some former Haemophilus and Actinobacillus species ( Aggregatibacter aphrophilus , Aggregatibacter segnis , and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ). Aggregatibacter species are now a dominant etiology of infective endocarditis caused by fastidious organisms (HACEK endocarditis), and A. aphrophilus has emerged as an important cause of brain abscesses. Correct identification of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter species based on phenotypic characterization can be challenging. It has become clear that 15 to 20% of presumptive H. influenzae isolates from the respiratory tracts of healthy individuals do not belong to this species but represent nonhemolytic variants of Haemophilus haemolyticus . Due to the limited pathogenicity of H. haemolyticus , the proportion of misidentified strains may be lower in clinical samples, but even among invasive strains, a misidentification rate of 0.5 to 2% can be found. Several methods have been investigated for differentiation of H. influenzae from its less pathogenic relatives, but a simple method for reliable discrimination is not available. With the implementation of identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, the more rarely encountered species of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter will increasingly be identified in clinical microbiology practice. However, identification of some strains will still be problematic, necessitating DNA sequencing of multiple housekeeping gene fragments or full-length 16S rRNA genes.

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Section: Haemophilus Influenzae In the Post-hib-vaccine Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species with Host Specificity for Humans

2014

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“…H. influenzae pathogenicity varies depending on the presence or absence of capsule and the specific capsule type (46). Prior to routine infant use of H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines in the early 1990s, Hib was responsible for the majority of invasive H. influenzae disease in young children and up to 50% of adult H. influenzae disease in the United States (14,50,51). In the Hib conjugate vaccine era, nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) isolates have become the most common cause of invasive H. influenzae disease in all age groups (Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Report, Emerging Infections Network, Haemophilus influenzae; http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd /abcs/survreports.htm) (9).…”

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Capsule Gene Analysis of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae : Accuracy of Serotyping and Prevalence of IS 1016 among Nontypeable Isolates

et al. 2007

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We evaluated the accuracy of serologic capsule typing by analyzing capsule genes and related markers among invasive Haemophilus influenzae isolates before and after the introduction of H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines. Three hundred and sixty invasive H. influenzae isolates were collected as part of Active Bacterial Core surveillance within the Georgia Emerging Infections Program between 1 January 1989 and 31 July 1998. All isolates were biotyped, serotyped by slide agglutination serotyping (SAST), and evaluated using PCR capsule typing. Nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHi) isolates were probed with Hib cap-gene-containing plasmid pUO38 and with IS1016; a subset was examined with phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) genotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Discrepancies between SAST and PCR capsule typing were found for 64/360 (17.5%) of the isolates; 48 encapsulated by SAST were NTHi by PCR, 8 NTHi by SAST were encapsulated by PCR, 6 encapsulated by SAST were a different capsule type by PCR, and 2 encapsulated by SAST were capsule-deficient Hib variants (Hib-minus). None of the PCR-confirmed NTHi isolates demonstrated homology with residual capsule gene sequences; 19/201 (9.5%) had evidence of IS1016, an insertion element associated with division I H. influenzae capsule serotypes. The majority of IS1016-positive NTHi were biotypes I and V and showed some genetic relatedness by PFGE. In conclusion, PCR capsule typing was more accurate than SAST and Hib-minus variants were rare. IS1016 was present in 9.5% of NTHi isolates, suggesting that this subset may be more closely related to encapsulated organisms. A better understanding of NTHi may contribute to vaccine development.

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“…Some data suggest that NTHi is a significant cause of invasive diseases, such as pneumonia, in children in developing countries [7] and pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis in adults [8]. Although this pathogen is associated with a variety of infections, it is also frequently isolated from the upper respiratory tract of healthy children with reported carrier rates of up to 60% [9].…”

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An epidemiological study of Haemophilus influenzae at a Brazilian day care center

Me¹,

Jm²

2001

Braz J Infect Dis

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Day care centers are a relatively new phenomenon in Brazil that bring together large numbers of young children susceptible to contagious diseases. Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) is an important infection in the age range of those attending day care centers. In the present study, the carriage rate of Haemophilus influenzae was identified in 38 day care attendees age 6 to 37 months, and 23 staff members, at a day care center in Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo, in 1997. To identify the carriers, two nasopharyngeal swabs were collected; one in July and one in December. The rate of H. influenzae carriers among the children was 77%. Only 2 of 23 staff members (9%) had Hi. Among the children, there were 58 isolates in the two sampling periods; 6 of the Hi were serotype b, 1 was serotype e, and 48 isolates were non-typeable. Two were identified as H. parainfluenzae. One adult had a non-typeable Hi and 1 had H. paraphrohaemolyticus. Three of the 6 children with type B had received a conjugate vaccine against H. influenzae type b, but they still carried this bacterium in the nasopharynx (50%). Forty ribotype patterns were found among the isolates, showing a high exchange rate of nontypeable H. influenzae carriers. The results indicate that, because of the high and changing biotype of Hi carriage, day care centers should be carefully monitored as potential point source of HI disease in the community.

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Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults. A prospective, population-based surveillance

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species with Host Specificity for Humans

Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species with Host Specificity for Humans

Capsule Gene Analysis of Invasive Haemophilus influenzae : Accuracy of Serotyping and Prevalence of IS 1016 among Nontypeable Isolates

An epidemiological study of Haemophilus influenzae at a Brazilian day care center

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