“…We have focused on a few pathways, but acknowledge that other direct and indirect effects of large herbivores on the target forb species may be operating in our study system. These may include direct negative effects such as trampling (Schrama et al, 2013;van der Wal & Brooker, 2004), and indirect effects such as the deposition of animal excreta (Augustine & McNaughton, 2006;Day & Detling, 1990;Frank et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018), the influences on insect herbivores (Huntzinger et al, 2008;Rambo & Faeth, 1999;van Klink et al, 2015;Zhong et al, 2017), pollinators (Guy et al, 2021;V azquez & Simberloff, 2004), seed and seedling predators (Foster et al, 2014;Goheen et al, 2010;Maclean et al, 2011), and decomposers (Eldridge et al, 2017;Mahon & Crist, 2019;Sankaran & Augustine, 2004). Further investigations are needed to assess the relative importance of these lessstudied indirect factors in mediating plant population and communities (see Figure 6).…”