“…Determining the effectiveness of restoration efforts, assessing soil recovery, assisting in the establishment of native plants, managing soil nutrients, preventing reinvasion, and promoting long-term ecosystem resilience all depend on an understanding of the characteristics of the soil before, during, and after the removal of invasive species [ [21] , [22] , [23] ]. Numerous researchers have studied the impact of wattle trees on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil [ 14 , 19 , [24] , [25] , [26] ]. Nevertheless, the outcomes differ, which makes formulating specific suggestions for crucial ecosystem restoration tactics challenging.…”