Inulin with different degrees of polymerization protects against diet-induced endotoxemia and inflammation in association with gut microbiota regulation in mice

Abstract

and microbial-dependent metabolites and components driven by inulin on physiological indexes disturbed by a high-fat diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate how inulin with different degrees of polymerization modulated gut microbial ecology and host physiology, including mainly biochemical indicators, glucose metabolism and immunity, as well as to assess whether these microbial changes affect the host phenotype in high-fat diet-fed mice. Results Food intake and body and tissue weight. Food intake in the LC (high-fat diet plus long-chain inulin) group was always higher than that of the other three groups (Fig. 1A). The average food intakes in the NCD (normal chow diet), HFD (high-fat diet), SC (high-fat diet plus short-chain inulin) and LC groups were 18.89, 21.07, 21.76 and 27.36 g/week, respectively. The average weekly food intake in the LC group was significantly higher than that in the HFD and SC groups (p < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the HFD and NCD groups (Fig. 1B, p > 0.05). The body, liver, epididymal fat, abdominal fat, kidney and pancreas weights at the tenth week in the HFD group were significantly higher than those in the NCD group (p < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences among the HFD, SC and LC groups (Fig. 1C,D, p > 0.05). Biochemical indicators and glycemic metabolism. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that a high-fat diet resulted in a significant increase in serum triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to those in the NCD group (p < 0.05), whereas we observed no significant differences in TG and HDL-C levels among the HFD, SC and LC groups (Fig. 1E, p > 0.05). Moreover, lower TC levels were observed in the LC group than in the SC group (Fig. 1E, p < 0.05). Higher blood glucose levels were observed in the SC group than in the HFD group at 30 and 60 minutes after glucose loading, and blood glucose concentrations in the SC group were higher than those in the LC group at 30 minutes (Fig. 2A, p < 0.01). Furthermore, fasting glucose concentrations and glucose tolerance test area under the glucose curve (GTT AUC) in the HFD group were significantly higher than those in the NCD group (Fig. 2A,B, p < 0.05). No significant differences in fasting glucose levels and glucose tolerance test area under the glucose curve (GTT AUC) were observed among the HFD, SC and LC groups (p > 0.05). In parallel, serum insulin analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in the HFD group compared with that in the NCD group (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference among the HFD, SC and LC groups (Fig. 2C, p > 0.05).

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