Intumescent flame retardant and anti-dripping of PET fabrics through layer-by-layer assembly of chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate

Flame-Retardant Systems Based on Chitosan and Its Derivatives: State of the Art and Perspectives

“…Fang and co-workers [ 50 ] exploited the layer-by-layer method for providing polyester fabrics with flame retardant and anti-drippring features. To this end, 1, 5, 10 and 20 bi-layers were deposited onto the synthetic fabric substrate.…”

“…( a ) uncoated polyester, ( b ) LbL-treated polyester—1 bi-layer, ( c ) LbL-treated polyester—5 bi-layers, ( d ) LbL-treated polyester—10 bi-layers and ( e ) LbL-treated polyester—20 bi-layers. Reprinted with permission from [ 50 ]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.…”

The influence of ceramic additives on intumescence and thermal activity of epoxy coatings for steel

“…The more APP in the sample, the stronger this phenomenon is. 8,25,[36][37][38] In the analyzed case (Figure 3), the first peak appears at about 280 C and can be linked to the first decomposition step, that is, the release of ammonia, water and polyphosphoric acid, 19,25,[36][37][38] which then decomposes, reacting with resin at about 340 C. The formation of fire retardant charring starts at about 510 C and ends at 652 C (4% by weight of APP in the sample) and 714 C (8% by weight of APP in the sample), which significantly delays the total decomposition of epoxy resin.…”

“…The first, about −10 wt% (−20 wt% for control samples), is associated with two endothermic effects that are most likely the result of the initial decomposition of melamine, APP and pentaerythritol (Table 2). 1,14,17,19,25,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] The effects associated with polymerization and crosslinking of epoxy resin are shifted by approximately 50 C towards higher temperatures. The peak at about 530 C associated with the complete decomposition of resin disappears only for the intumescent coatings (it is visible in the Figure 10), and instead of this, peaks at 736 C (A) and 630 C corresponding to the formation of a protective, intumescent and charred layer appear.…”

“…In this process, the P N bonds are stronger than the P O ones, thus keeping phosphorus in the condensed phase, resulting in a cross-linked structure that promotes a more intense formation of the charred protective layer, strengthen with the ceramic additives. 19,25,[36][37][38] 3.2 | Fire endurance tests analysis Figure 11 shows the dependence of the temperature increment on the surface of steel samples covered with Table 3 presents the results of the intumescent multiplication of analyzed coatings and time to reach the limit temperature. Control samples (A' and B') were not subjected to the fire endurance tests because during the preliminary tests (kept for 20 min at the temperature of 500 C) obtained protective layers were charred but did not expand (B') or charred layer collapsed (A') (results not attached here).…”