Introductory Chapter: Wearable Technologies for Healthcare Monitoring

Advances in electrochemical sensors for real-time glucose monitoring

“…)-such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric constant, blood refractive index, light scattering coefficient, bioimpedance, loss tangent, and permittivity-and glucose concentrations, allowing for non-invasive measurement. 18,19,[21][22][23]135 Gomes et al 138 introduced a flexible, bifunctional sensing platform using biodegradable mats for glucose detection in urine. This device successfully detected hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in synthetic and human urine at low applied potentials (0 V vs. Ag/AgCl), with a detection range of 1.0 to 6.0 mM and a detection limit of 0.197 mM, while remaining free from interference.…”

“…)—such as conductivity, permittivity, dielectric constant, blood refractive index, light scattering coefficient, bioimpedance, loss tangent, and permittivity—and glucose concentrations, allowing for non-invasive measurement. 18,19,21–23,135 Dervisevic et al 136 pioneered the development of a high-density silicon-based microneedle (MN) array patch, boasting 9500 microneedles per square centimetre, for ISF glucose monitoring. Their approach involved sensor modification through covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase (GO x ) and bioconjugation strategies.…”

Expanding the Scope of Nanobiocatalysis and Nanosensing: Applications of Nanomaterial Constructs

“…139 Traditional diagnostic methods, including chemical markers and imaging methods, have been in constant development to increase the real-time measurements, lower the costs and timeconsumption, and provide early-stage and disease prognosis as gold-standard tests. 140 Including a conversion between diagnostic and nanomaterials can improve the precision, treatment outcomes, early-stage disease detection, a personalized patient treatment plan, low concentration of metabolites, identification of biomarkers, sensitivity, and so on. Also, these detection markers have been identified in different types of human samples, such as liquid biopsies taken from blood, urine, sweat, saliva, and breath, where the aim is to determine an accurate diagnosis in a noninvasive type of sample.…”

Nanostructured Gas Sensors: From Air Quality and Environmental Monitoring to Healthcare and Medical Applications

“…While conventional gas sensing techniques such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) are gold standard, they are expensive and time-consuming, greatly limiting the potential for real-time measurement. In the past decade, efforts have been shifting from traditional chemical and imaging diagnostic methods to the biotechnology and commercial electronic industries for early-stage and point-of-care diagnostics [ 12 ]. A paradigm shift may be offered by the convergence of novel nanoelectronic technologies and big data analytical methodologies [ 13 ], providing novel opportunities to improve the quality of healthcare while decreasing costs by the very early-stage detection and prevention of fatal and chronic diseases [ 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 ].…”