Introductory Chapter: Overview on Autophagy in Burden of Functions

Mitophagy-Related Cell Death Mediated by Vacquinol-1 and TRPM7 Blockade in Glioblastoma IV

“…The screenshot of the 3D tomogram performed from GBM during constitutive culture shows occasional mitophagy, occurring by phagophore formation and subsequent digestion in autophagolysosomes ( Figure 4A). In addition, relatively high numbers of autophagolysosomes, sparse microtubules, and unorganized actin filaments are present ( [16], Figure 4A, untreated #12537-GB). By contrast, GBM, treated with Vac for 4 h differ by the following parameters: Identification of (i) massive stress fiber formation, (ii) formation of actin bundles attached to bent mitochondria, and (iii) impressively enlarged cisternae of ER, which indicates ER-stress ( Figure 4B, 4 h Vac-treated #12537-GB).…”

“…This tomogram also shows that the number of autophagolysosomes is dramatically increased when compared to the nontreated #12537-GB (cf. supplementary video I in Gorbunov and Schneider [16]). Finally, Figure 3.…”

“…Hs68 fibroblasts (Hs68-Fi) were purchased from ATCC, and cultured in IMDM containing 10% endotoxin-free FCS (Batch No: 0247x, Merck/Biochrom.com). [16]; following Vac-treatment (4 h, 7 μM), phagophore formation is not prominent, ER appears to be swollen (black arrow as an example), and autophagolysosomes (white arrowheads) are more abundant. The material ingested is not fully digested, residual mitochondria can be identified by their morphological remnants (white arrows) (B).…”

“…We thank the International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, Ulm University for supporting and evaluating HM, PS, and PSch. We are grateful to IntechOpen publisher for generous support to publish a virtual section of the supplementary file 1 in reference [16], as Glioma -Contemporary Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches…”