Introductory Chapter: Microcirculation in Health and Disease

Lenasi, Helena

doi:10.5772/64680

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Despite the microvascular system representing a significant portion of the circulatory network (Ellis et al 2005, Gutterman et al 2016, its role in diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, remains largely unknown (den Uil et al 2008, Lenasi 2016. This may, in part, be due to the invasive nature of conventional microvascular imaging techniques, which are typically performed in highly specialized settings; thus, limiting their use for expanding our understanding of microvascular disease (Liew et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascular imaging of the skin

Deegan

Wang

2019

Phys. Med. Biol.

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Despite our understanding that the microvasculature plays a multifaceted role in the development and progression of various conditions, we know little about the extent of this involvement. A need exists for non-invasive, clinically meaningful imaging modalities capable of elucidating microvascular information to aid in our understanding of disease, and to aid in the diagnosis/monitoring of disease for more patient-specific care. In this review article, a number of imaging techniques are summarized that have been utilized to investigate the microvasculature of skin, along with their advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives in preclinical and clinical settings. These techniques include dermoscopy, capillaroscopy, Doppler sonography, laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and perfusion imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), including its Doppler and dynamic variant and the more recently developed OCT angiography (OCTA), photoacoustic imaging, and spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). Attention is largely, but not exclusively, placed on optical imaging modalities that use intrinsic optical signals to contrast the microvasculature. We conclude that whilst each imaging modality has been successful in filling a particular niche, there is no one, all-encompassing modality without inherent flaws. Therefore, the future of cutaneous microvascular imaging may lie in utilizing a multi-modal approach that will counter the disadvantages of individual systems to synergistically augment our imaging capabilities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascular imaging of the skin

Deegan

Wang

2019

Phys. Med. Biol.

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“…Although microcirculation is considered as an important element of our circulatory system ( Klonizakis et al, 2017 ), it is often overlooked, when designing and executing studies exploring the CVD-risk reduction properties of different interventions. This is an incorrect approach, as it is now accepted that pathological changes in the microcirculation mirror ( Debbabi et al, 2010 ) if not precede ( Lenasi, 2016 ) changes in arteries, therefore, making it the most appropriate region to study, to facilitate early detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association Between Cardiovascular Function, Measured as FMD and CVC, and Long-Term Aquatic Exercise in Older Adults (ACELA Study): A Cross-Sectional Study

2020

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Introduction Cardiovascular aging is implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aquatic exercise is being considered as a co-adjuvant form of rehabilitation, but there is limited evidence for its cardiovascular risk-reduction properties for older people. Our study aimed to address this by exploring the cardiovascular effects of long-term aquatic exercise in older adults in comparison to those who are either inactive or engaged in land-based/mixed training by measurement of micro- and macro-circulation. Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD) was the primary outcome. Methods This was a pragmatic, 4-group, cross-sectional study. Eighty normotensive adults constituted four ( n = 20) groups. The Aqua group (aged 63.7 ± 7 years) and Land group (aged 65 ± 6 years) consisted of participants engaged in aquatic and land-based training, respectively. The mixed group (Mix) (aged 66 ± 6 years) consisted of participants engaged in both land-based and aquatic training. Self-reported training consisted of ≥2/week for ≥6 months (mean sessions/week = 4 ± 1, 4 ± 1, and 5 ± 2 for each group, respectively). The sedentary group (Sed) (aged 63 ± 6 years) consisted of people who were sedentary for ≥6 months (mean sessions/week 0 ± 0). The primary outcome was %FMD. Secondary outcomes included raw cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and CVC max. Results Statistically significant differences (%FMD, raw CVC variables other than baseline) were found between each of the exercise groups (Aqua, Land, Mix) and the sedentary group (Sed) (i.e., 11.2 (4.2) vs. 5.0 (2.3); p < 0.0005, between the Aqua group and Sed group, for %FMD). No specific advantage could be attributed to any one of the exercise groups. Conclusion We reported improvements in NO-mediated endothelial function at micro- and macro-circulatory levels, observing no differences between exercise modes. Our findings provide evidence for the role of aquatic exercise as a “shield” against CVD in older populations.

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“…The microcirculation includes arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries and venules. 2 These vessels have a diameter less than 100 µm. There are small (lower than 20 µm), medium (20-50 µm), and large (50-100 µm) vessels.…”

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The microcirculation

Hendricks

2020

South Afr J Anaesth Analg

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The microcirculation is responsible for the transfer of oxygen from the red blood cells in the capillaries to the cells to meet cellular energy requirements, support functional activity and remove carbon dioxide and waste. The microcirculation also assists in the regulation of vascular tone, solute exchange, the production of hormones, the inflammatory response and haemostasis. The identification of the endothelial glycocalyx and the assessment of the effects of disease, drugs and fluids on the microcirculation is the subject of ongoing research.

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Introductory Chapter: Microcirculation in Health and Disease

Cited by 7 publications

References 54 publications

Microvascular imaging of the skin

Microvascular imaging of the skin

The Association Between Cardiovascular Function, Measured as FMD and CVC, and Long-Term Aquatic Exercise in Older Adults (ACELA Study): A Cross-Sectional Study

The microcirculation

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