Introductory Chapter: Giardiasis - Still a Globally Relevant Protozoan and Zoonotic Disease

Rodríguez‐Morales, Alfonso J.; Trujillo, Adriana M.; Sánchez‐Duque, Jorge A.; Escobedo, Ángel A.

doi:10.5772/intechopen.70900

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…G. lamblia and G. intestinalis) is a flagellated protozoan parasite pathogenic for humans and various mammals, including pets and livestock. It is responsible for giardiasis, the most common non-viral/non-bacterial diarrheal disease worldwide [1]. Humans infection is almost exclusively associated with two genetic groups, namely Assemblage A and B, whereas more host-specific Assemblages (C-H) are responsible for giardiasis in animals; even if zoonotic potential has been recently recognized also for Assemblage A and B [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Humans infection is almost exclusively associated with two genetic groups, namely Assemblage A and B, whereas more host-specific Assemblages (C-H) are responsible for giardiasis in animals; even if zoonotic potential has been recently recognized also for Assemblage A and B [2]. Children and young animals are commonly more susceptible to G. duodenalis infection, likely related to hygiene and immunocompetence [1]. Although the infection is asymptomatic in the majority of human and animal cases and symptoms are self-limited in acute infection, giardiasis may occur as a chronic disease or give rise to post-infectious sequelae, such as irritable bowel syndrome [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates

et al. 2021

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Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, is an intestinal diarrheal disease affecting almost one billion people worldwide. A small endosymbiotic dsRNA viruses, G. lamblia virus (GLV), genus Giardiavirus, family Totiviridae, might inhabit human and animal isolates of G. duodenalis. Three GLV genomes have been sequenced so far, and only one was intensively studied; moreover, a positive correlation between GLV and parasite virulence is yet to be proved. To understand the biological significance of GLV infection in Giardia, the characterization of several GLV strains from naturally infected G. duodenalis isolates is necessary. Here we report high-throughput sequencing of four GLVs strains, from Giardia isolates of human and animal origin. We also report on a new, unclassified viral sequence (designed GdRV-2), unrelated to Giardiavirus, encoding and expressing for a single large protein with an RdRp domain homologous to Totiviridae and Botybirnaviridae. The result of our sequencing and proteomic analyses challenge the current knowledge on GLV and strongly suggest that viral capsid protein translation unusually starts with a proline and that translation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) occurs via a +1/−2 ribosomal frameshift mechanism. Nucleotide polymorphism, confirmed by mass-spectrometry analysis, was also observed among and between GLV strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the occurrence of at least two GLV subtypes which display different phenotypes and transmissibility in experimental infections of a GLV naïve Giardia isolate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates

et al. 2021

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“…Giardiasis pada manusia sebagai salah satu penyakit diare nonviral penting yang telah menginfeksi 280 juta orang di dunia dengan kejadian 500.000 kasus per tahun (Ivanov 2010;Halliez & Buret 2013;Ryan & Cacciò 2013). Stadium kista G. intestinalis merupakan stadium yang infektif dan mampu bertahan berbulanbulan di lingkungan darat, air dan tahan terhadap desinfektan klorin Rodríguez-Morales et al (2017). Badan Kesehatan Dunia (World Health Organization/ WHO) memasukkan giardiasis ke dalam golongan penyakit Neglected Diseases Initiative pada tahun 2004 karena sifatnya yang mudah menular, bersifat patogen dan memiliki dampak sosial ekonomi yang luas (Savioli et al 2006;Rodríguez-Morales et al 2017).…”

Section: Giardia Pada Manusiaunclassified

Giardia intestinalis assemblage E as an Emerging Zoonosis in Livestock

Wardhana¹

2018

WARTAZOA

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Giardia intestinalis is a gastrointestinal parasite causing giardiasis that infects animals and humans. Giardiasis generates diarrhea, malabsorption, decreased body weight and milk production, dehydration, and mortality especially in young animals. This paper describes G. intestinalis assemblage E in humans and livestock, including molecular identification and disease distribution. The incidence of giardiasis in humans and livestock has been reported in some countries, particularly in young host living under poor sanitation and hygiene. Based on genotype, the parasite is divided into eight assemblages (A-H) and some infect specific hosts. At the moment, assemblage E is known as genotype that infects animal. This statement is controversial since assemblage E was also detected in humans who contacted with animals. This condition assumes that assemblage E is an emerging zoonosis that needs special attention.

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“…Giardiasis is one of the important parasitic diseases that infect a large number of people per year (Einarsson et al 2016;Ryan and Caccio, 2013). It is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite known as Giardia lamblia or G. intestinalis, which can infect a wide variety of vertebrate hosts including humans, and according to World Health Organization reports, it is classified in the Neglected Diseases group (Ramírez et al 2017;Rodriguez et al 2017). Many global studies report that giardiasis infection in more than 200 million people yearly, the higherrisk infected groups are children with poor habits and overcrowded schools and families (Al-Mekhlafi, 2017;Ajjampur et al 2011;Thompson, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence Study of Giardiasis Among Children with Diarrhoea in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Abdullah

Hussein

2022

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, E. Medical En

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Giardia lamblia is one of the pathogenic parasites that infect the gastrointestinal tract and commonly causes diarrhoea, iron deficiency anemia, and other gastrointestinal problem in men, especially among children in poor sanitation areas with contaminated drinking water resources. This study aimed to detect and determination of the rate of giardiasis in Duhok city. In this study, 105 Stool samples were collected from children of different ages and both sex, during different days from May to August 2019. Serological tests have been applied for the identification of giardiasis. From the results, 5.71% (6) stool samples were given positive, 4.87% in males and 6.25% in females, Depending on the stool types, 3.1% (1) of infection were reported in semi-formed stool type, 7.69% (3) in loose and 5.88% (2) in watery stool type. According to the age groups, the highest infection (3) was recorded in the 6-10 years' accounting (8.57%), while the lowest infection rate was 3.12% (1) in > 10 years' age groups, with no significant differences. This study shows the prevalence rate of G. lamblia among children in Duhok city. Preventing this infection requires good plans and strategies with good individual hygiene, the use of a healthy drinking water supply, and useful educational program to control this disease.

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Introductory Chapter: Giardiasis - Still a Globally Relevant Protozoan and Zoonotic Disease

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates

Re-Discovery of Giardiavirus: Genomic and Functional Analysis of Viruses from Giardia duodenalis Isolates

Giardia intestinalis assemblage E as an Emerging Zoonosis in Livestock

Seroprevalence Study of Giardiasis Among Children with Diarrhoea in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

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