Introductory Chapter: Clostridium difficile Infection Overview

Enany, Shymaa

doi:10.5772/intechopen.69983

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These bacteria release toxins that damage the bowel and cause severe diarrhoea. In turn this leads to the release of C. difficile spores into the environment where they can remain for weeks waiting to infect the next person with a disturbed gut microbiome [25]. In addition, the use of antibiotics can result in the accumulation of antibiotic resistant microbes within the gut environment.…”

Section: Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria Emerging As an Opportunistic Pathogen

Chahal¹

2021

ijcsrr

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Due to the re-emergence of infectious diseases, the causative pathogenic microorganisms are becoming the major microbiologic public health threat. It seems to be difficult to control the emergence of new and severe bacterial diseases. However, efforts are continuously being made to identify the main cause to prevent the uncontrolled spread of emerging diseases. This review focuses on emerging bacterial diseases and their causative bacteria and the pathway of pathogenesis.

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Section: Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria Emerging As an Opportunistic Pathogen

Chahal¹

2021

ijcsrr

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“…Hospitalized patients of older age (more than 65 years) with exposure to antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, lincomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillins, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones, which are commonly used in the treatment of bacterial infections in clinical settings, are at the highest risk for developing CDI [2]. The use of immunosuppressants, chronic kidney diseases, transplantations, immunological incompetence induced by malignant neoplasms, and gastrointestinal surgeries are other well-known risk factors [5,6]. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have been proven to have greater CDI rates and significantly higher morbidity and mortality compared to CDI patients without IBD [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Clostridium difficile Infection Among Patients Hospitalized for a Flare of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in King Abdulaziz University Hospital

Samman,

Alfares,

Bajabur

et al. 2023

Cureus

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BackgroundThe gram-negative anaerobe Clostridium difficile is the main infectious cause of pseudomembranous colitis and infectious diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have been proven to have higher rates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Antibiotic use is the most well-known of the several risk factors for CDI. A few more are advanced age, previous hospitalization, increased severity of an underlying illness, gastrointestinal surgery, and proton pump inhibitors. This study aimed to find out which factors predict CDI in IBD patients at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of all inflammatory bowel disease patients who developed CDI with a total sample of 602 patients from 2009 through 2022 at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We identified the clinical data of patients diagnosed with CDI and admitted to the hospital for either diagnosis or follow-up, and we measured the frequencies and percentages as qualitative data and the mean ( standard deviation) as quantitative variables. A chi-square test was used to estimate the correlation between Clostridium difficile infections and multiple factors, including a history of previous hospitalizations, recent flares, intestinal manifestations, extraintestinal manifestations, comorbidities, and IBD medications. Meanwhile, independent t-tests were performed to analyze the continuous variables. ResultsOut of 602 IBD patients, 53 patients (8.8%) had a confirmed CDI test using an immunoassay for Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Most of the patients were female and nonsmokers. Regarding colonic involvement, 47 individuals with the disease extending to their large colon also evaluated positive for CDI. Among patients with a positive history of CDI, there were 21 patients with a recent flare-up of fewer than five episodes, five patients had more than five episodes, and the rest did not have any recent flare-ups. Also, IBD patients were significantly at a higher risk for intestinal resection. ConclusionIBD patients are more susceptible to CDI due to flare-ups that require hospitalization and their medications. As a result, clinicians must consider CDI testing in IBD patients who are hospitalized and who are receiving medication to ensure early diagnosis and therapy.

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Introductory Chapter: Clostridium difficile Infection Overview

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Bacteria Emerging As an Opportunistic Pathogen

Bacteria Emerging As an Opportunistic Pathogen

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Clostridium difficile Infection Among Patients Hospitalized for a Flare of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in King Abdulaziz University Hospital

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