Introduction

Abstract

Pigs seem like a minor historical subject. But they helped their caretakers think big, and they can likewise expand our picture of the early Middle Ages. Pigs forced humans to appreciate that they were dealing with interlocking, fluctuating, and variable resources that required a correspondingly flexible approach to handling them. And they were adaptive, most noticeably in their diet but also in their behaviors, which enabled their owners to take advantage of different ecologies. And unlike other livestock, pigs were consistently difficult to manage, so their caretakers could not help but notice that domestication did not fully transform animals into commodities. Humans made tradeoffs and sacrifices in order to keep raising and eating pigs, and that, more than any other animal-human relationship in this period, attests to a long-term process of coevolution.

A comparison of the original major depression inventory with a modified version: A Danish validation study

“…Initially, we assessed the effect of the changes on the fit to the polytomous Rasch model 23 (Model 1). This was done in the standalone program DIGRAM 24 …”

“…The conditional item characteristic curves were performed with the use of the R‐package RASCHplot, 37 the confirmatory factor analysis was done with the R‐package lavaan, 38 the AUROC analyses were done with the roctab command in Stata, version 15. All other Rasch analyses, that is,i.e., tests for overall fit, item fit, performing the item screening procedure, fitting the graphical log‐linear Rasch models, obtaining standard error of measurement estimates, category probability plots, and calculating the proportion with improbable response patterns were performed in DIGRAM 24 . DIGRAM can be downloaded at https://biostat.ku.dk/DIGRAM.…”