Introduction to this issue: Dealing with TB in wildlife

Gortázar, Christian; Cowan, P. E.

doi:10.1017/s0950268813000599

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Strain 10-7428 is a virulent (19) field isolate from a dairy cow in Colorado (20). In a separate study, treatment groups included noninfected Holstein steers (n ϭ 7), M. bovis strain 10-7428-infected (ϳ10 4 CFU by aerosol) Holstein steers (n ϭ 8), or M. bovis strain 95-1315-infected (ϳ10 4 CFU by aerosol) Holstein steers (n ϭ 8). For the challenge inoculum, low-passage-number cultures (Յ3 passages) of M. bovis were prepared, using standard techniques (21), in Middlebrook 7H9 liquid medium (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) supplemented with 10% oleic acid-albumin-dextrose complex (OADC) plus 0.05% Tween 80.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the persistence of this disease necessitates the maintenance of costly regional and federal networks for control/eradication campaigns. The mainstays of bovine tuberculosis control are (i) abattoir surveillance with epidemiological investigations after detection of M. bovisinfected animals, to identify bovine tuberculosis-affected herds (1); (ii) application of antemortem testing for routine surveillance, movement of animals, and identification and removal of infected animals from tuberculosis-affected herds (2); and (iii) management of the disease in wildlife reservoirs, such as whitetailed deer in Michigan (3), brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain (4), and Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in the United Kingdom/Ireland (5). Tuberculin-based cellular immune assays, including measurements of in vitro interferon gamma release and measurements of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions via skin test procedures, are the principal diagnostic tests used for the control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in most countries (6,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle

Waters

Palmer

Stafne

et al. 2015

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Bovine tuberculosis of cattle results primarily from infection with Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Despite intensive control efforts, bovine tuberculosis persists as a costly disease, with adverse impacts on animal health and welfare, the trade of animals and animal products, and the livelihoods of producers. In addition, the persistence of this disease necessitates the maintenance of costly regional and federal networks for control/eradication campaigns. The mainstays of bovine tuberculosis control are (i) abattoir surveillance with epidemiological investigations after detection of M. bovisinfected animals, to identify bovine tuberculosis-affected herds (1); (ii) application of antemortem testing for routine surveillance, movement of animals, and identification and removal of infected animals from tuberculosis-affected herds (2); and (iii) management of the disease in wildlife reservoirs, such as whitetailed deer in Michigan (3), brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand, Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain (4), and Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in the United Kingdom/Ireland (5). Tuberculin-based cellular immune assays, including measurements of in vitro interferon gamma release and measurements of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions via skin test procedures, are the principal diagnostic tests used for the control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in most countries (6, 7). In the United States, the caudal fold test (CFT) (intradermal injection of M. bovis purified protein derivative [PPD] in the caudal skin fold) is used as a primary test and the comparative cervical test (CCT) (intradermal injection of Mycobacterium avium and M. bovis PPDs at separate sites in the neck) and the Bovigam assay (Prionics Ag, Schlieren, Switzerland) (an interferon gamma release assay) are used as secondary or confirmatory tests (8).Several serological tests designed to detect antibodies (Abs) to immunodominant M. bovis antigens (e.g., MPB83, MPB70, ESAT-6, and CFP10) have emerged for potential application in cattle (9-13). A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for MPB83 and MPB70 (M. bovis Ab test; IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME) (9) has been approved by the Office International des Epizooties and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for use in cattle in bovine tuberculosis control programs, although applications of this test are primarily limited to ancillary purposes such as confirmation of infections and potentially detection of M. bovis-infected cattle anergic in the skin test. A

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle

Waters

Palmer

Stafne

et al. 2015

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…). However, the eradication of cattle TB remains unlikely if the role of all hosts is not clear enough for relevant reservoirs to be targeted at the same time (O'Reilly & Daborn , Gortázar & Cowan ). TB control in wildlife is extremely difficult (Fitzgerald & Kaneene ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most industrialized countries, successful cattle TB control is based on intensive cattle test and slaughter, and on movement control policies, with sporadic whole herd culling (Brooks-Pollock et al 2014). However, the eradication of cattle TB remains unlikely if the role of all hosts is not clear enough for relevant reservoirs to be targeted at the same time (O'Reilly & Daborn 1995, Gortázar & Cowan 2013. TB control in wildlife is extremely difficult (Fitzgerald & Kaneene 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi‐host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis

2015

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Animal tuberculosis (TB) control is globally important for public health, economics and conservation. Wildlife species are often part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) maintenance community, complicating TB control attempts. We describe the current knowledge on global TB distribution and the significance of wildlife hosts; identify insufficiently known aspects of host pathology, ecology and epidemiology; present selected time series in wildlife TB; and summarize ongoing research on TB control, providing additional insight on vaccination. Six specific research needs are identified and discussed, namely: 1) complete the world map of wildlife MTC reservoirs and describe the structure of each local MTC host community; 2) identify the origin and behaviour of generalized diseased individuals within populations, and study the role of factors such as co‐infections, re‐infections and individual condition on TB pathogenesis; 3) quantify indirect MTC transmission within and between species; 4) define and harmonize wildlife disease monitoring protocols, and apply them in a way that allows proper population and prevalence trend comparisons in both space and time; 5) carry out controlled and replicated wildlife TB control experiments using single intervention tools; 6) analyse cost‐efficiency and consider knowledge transfer aspects in promising intervention strategies. We believe that addressing these six points would push ahead our capacities for TB control. A remaining question is whether or not interventions on wildlife TB are at all justified. The answer depends on the local circumstances of each TB hotspot, and is likely to evolve during our collective progress towards TB control in livestock and in wildlife.

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“…Tuberculosis is a chronic disease of humans, livestock and wildlife which has public health, economic and conservation importance (Gortazar & Cowan 2013). Caused by members of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (MTC), it is known to affect a wide range of wild mammal species including buffalo (Syncerus caffer), lion (Panthera leo) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) (De Garine-Wichatitsky et al 2013).…”

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Social and environmental factors affect tuberculosis related mortality in wild meerkats

Patterson

Drewe

Pfeiffer

et al. 2017

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Summary Tuberculosis (TB) is an important and widespread disease of wildlife, livestock and humans world‐wide, but long‐term empirical datasets describing this condition are rare. A population of meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in South Africa's Kalahari Desert have been diagnosed with Mycobacterium suricattae, a novel strain of TB, causing fatal disease in this group‐living species.This study aimed to find characteristics associated with clinical TB in meerkats. These characteristics could subsequently be used to identify ‘at‐risk’ animals within a population, and target these individuals for control measures.We conducted a retrospective study based on a unique, long‐term life‐history dataset of over 2000 individually identified animals covering a 14‐year period after the first confirmatory diagnosis of TB in this population in 2001. Individual‐ and group‐level risk factors were analysed using time‐dependent Cox regression to examine their potential influence on the time to development of end‐stage TB.Cases of disease involved 144 individuals in 27 of 73 social groups, across 12 of 14 years (an incidence rate of 3·78 cases/100 study years). At the individual level, increasing age had the greatest effect on risk of disease with a hazard ratio of 4·70 (95% CI: 1·92–11·53, P < 0·01) for meerkats aged 24–48 months, and a hazard ratio of 9·36 (3·34–26·25, P < 0·001) for animals aged over 48 months (both age categories compared with animals aged below 24 months). Previous group history of TB increased the hazard by a factor of 4·29 (2·00–9·17, P < 0·01), and an interaction was found between this variable and age. At a group level, immigrations of new group members in the previous year increased hazard by a factor of 3·00 (1·23–7·34, P = 0·016). There was weaker evidence of an environmental effect with a hazard ratio for a low rainfall (<200 mm) year of 2·28 (0·91–5·72, P = 0·079).Our findings identify potential individual characteristics on which to base targeted control measures such as vaccination. Additional data on the dynamics of the infection status of individuals and how this changes over time would complement these findings by enhancing understanding of disease progression and transmission, and thus the implications of potential management measures.

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Introduction to this issue: Dealing with TB in wildlife

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle

Effects of Serial Skin Testing with Purified Protein Derivative on the Level and Quality of Antibodies to Complex and Defined Antigens in Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle

Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi‐host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis

Social and environmental factors affect tuberculosis related mortality in wild meerkats

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