Introduction to the immunology of pregnancy

Mor, Gil

doi:10.1111/imr.13102

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…15,16 New concepts have since been introduced to describe the maternal-embryo immune response in normal and pathological pregnancies. 17,18 Natural Killer (NK) cells, T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs) are the effector cells of the immune system that are primarily involved in the maternal immune response during pregnancy. 19 In a normal or complicated pregnancy, the adaptation of the maternal immune system is observed in the uterine environment, at the decidua-embryo interface, and systemically.…”

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors suggest that an inadequate response of the maternal immune system in the peri-implantation window is responsible for recurrent implantation failures (RIF) and RM. [18][19][20] Studies in humans have shown that abnormalities in the innate immune response can increase the risk of reproductive failure.…”

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Macrophages are the second most abundant cell population at the maternal–embryo interface 18,27 . Macrophages can be classified into two subtypes: M1 (activated by the classical pathway and exert pro‐inflammatory effects) and M2 (alternative pathway and exert anti‐inflammatory effects).…”

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a normal or complicated pregnancy, the adaptation of the maternal immune system is observed in the uterine environment, at the decidua–embryo interface, and systemically. Several authors suggest that an inadequate response of the maternal immune system in the peri‐implantation window is responsible for recurrent implantation failures (RIF) and RM 18–20 …”

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: The interconnections between adipose tissue and the immune system

Gonçalves,

Feitosa,

Cavalcante

et al. 2023

American J Rep Immunol

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Currently, obesity is considered a global public health problem. It is the main risk factor for noncommunicable diseases and reproductive complications, such as recurrent miscarriage (RM). RM affects approximately 1% of couples of reproductive age, and recent studies suggest that its prevalence is increasing. Immunological abnormalities may be responsible for a significant number of cases of unexplained RM. Obesity is recognized as a chronic low‐grade inflammatory condition. The accumulation of fat in obese adipose tissue promotes changes in the local and systemic immune response. Adipokines, exosomes, micro‐RNAs, lipids, and other factors released or secreted by adipose tissue are responsible for the interconnection between obesity and the immune system. Obesity‐induced dysregulation of the innate and acquired immune response is also involved in the immunopathology of pregnancy loss in patients with unexplained RM. Therefore, understanding the communication pathways between maternal adipose tissue and the immune response in women living with obesity and RM is an important objective. Thus, diagnostic tools and new immunomodulatory therapies may be proposed for the management of patients with concurrent obesity and RM.

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Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune System and Rmmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: The interconnections between adipose tissue and the immune system

Gonçalves,

Feitosa,

Cavalcante

et al. 2023

American J Rep Immunol

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“…Pregnancy is a particular period not only recognized by various physical changes but also includes immune tolerance, an essential establishment of the immune system to avoid a rejection of the mother against the fetus. The placenta has an indispensable role as a barrier to protect the fetus from any possible vertical infections from the mother, addressing a balance between the tolerance of an allogeneic fetus and the protection against pathogens naturally established at the maternal–fetal interface in a healthy pregnancy [ 1 , 2 ]. With the placenta’s notable physical and immunological roles, pathogens, such as viruses, cannot be easily transmitted to the fetus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of TGF-β1 in Viral Infection during Pregnancy: Research Update and Perspectives

Trinh

Pham

Takada

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic growth factor playing various roles in the human body including cell growth and development. More functions of TGF-β1 have been discovered, especially its roles in viral infection. TGF-β1 is abundant at the maternal–fetal interface during pregnancy and plays an important function in immune tolerance, an essential key factor for pregnancy success. It plays some critical roles in viral infection in pregnancy, such as its effects on the infection and replication of human cytomegalovirus in syncytiotrophoblasts. Interestingly, its role in the enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and replication in first-trimester trophoblasts has recently been reported. The above up-to-date findings have opened one of the promising approaches to studying the mechanisms of viral infection during pregnancy with links to corresponding congenital syndromes. In this article, we review our current and recent advances in understanding the roles of TGF-β1 in viral infection. Our discussion focuses on viral infection during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. We highlight the mutual roles of viral infection and TGF-β1 in specific contexts and possible functions of the Smad pathway in viral infection, with a special note on ZIKV infection. In addition, we discuss promising approaches to performing further studies on this topic.

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