Introduction to Laser Physics

Lasers in Chemistry*

“…Powerful monochromatic sources are not available. (2) The collimation of the classical source is poor and cannot be improved without loss of intensity. (3) The light is not polarized or coherent and the source cannot be imagined with increase in brightness of the image.…”

Global dynamics, forbidden set, and transcritical bifurcation of a one‐dimensional discrete‐time laser model

“…Discrete-time laser model (5) has at most two fixed points in R + under parametric condition. More precisely, (i) Discrete-time laser model (5) has a unique fixed point: x * = 0 if c > 1− ; (ii) Discrete-time laser model (5) has two fixed points:…”

“…The organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 is about the existence of fixed point, local and global dynamics about fixed points, boundedness of positive solution, the existence of a prime period-2 solution, calculation of forbidden along with corresponding general solution, existence of prime period and periodic points, and transcritical bifurcation of a discrete-time laser model (5) if = 0. In Section 3, we explore the local dynamical properties about fixed point, existence of prime period and periodic points, and transcritical bifurcation of the model (5). In order to illustrate theoretical results, numerical simulations are presented in Section 4, whereas the concluding remarks are given in Section 5.…”

Edmund Phelps on Productivity Slowdown: Limits to Utilitarian Economics

“…When these Russian and American scientists were working independently in the 1950s on ''stimulated emission for microwave emission'' (Lengyel 1966: 1), they did not know that their curiosity would lead to the construction of lasers. When a laser was first built in 1960 by Theodore Harold Maiman, he did not know that many different types of lasers would follow which would contribute to massive advances in medical, manufacturing and communications technologies later in the century.…”