Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines

Stone, Richard

doi:10.1007/978-1-137-02829-7

Cited by 435 publications

(332 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Finally, the velocity vector fields were linearly down sampled to a final resolution of 1.1x1.1 mm 2 to reduce computational time in the following steps. This was considered acceptable as the integral length scale is typically of the order of 4 mm [28][29][30] .…”

Section: Piv Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear stochastic estimation of the coherent structures in internal combustion engine flow

Butcher

Spencer

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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A methodology for estimating the in-cylinder flow of an IC engine from a number of point velocity measurements (sensors) is presented. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to provide reference velocity fields for the linear stochastic estimation (LSE) technique to investigate the number of point measurements required to provide a representative estimation of the flow field. A systematic iterative approach is taken, with sensor locations randomly generated in each iteration to negate sensor location effects. It was found that an overall velocity distribution accuracy of at least 75% may be achieved with 7 sensors and 95% with 35 sensors, with the potential for fewer if sensor locations are optimised. The accuracy of vortex centre location predictions are typically within 2-3 mm -suggesting that the presented technique could characterise individual cycle flow fields by indicating vortex locations, swirl magnitude or tumble for example. With this information on the current cycle a control system may be enabled to activate in-cycle adjustment of injection and/or ignition timing for example to minimise emissions.

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Section: Piv Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear stochastic estimation of the coherent structures in internal combustion engine flow

Butcher

Spencer

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…Istnieje zgodny pogl d, e obrót zaworu jest korzystny w usuwaniu osadów. To zapobiega tworzeniu si lokalnych punktów zapalnych i pomaga utrzyma dobre uszczelnienie i styk termiczny zaworu z gniazdem [10][11][12]. Rola obrotu zaworu w zu yciu zaworu/gniazda, jednak nie jest w pe•ni poznana.…”

Section: Wp•yw Zjawiska Obracania Si Zaworu Na Jego Zu Ycieunclassified

Badania wpływu osadów na zużycie zaworu

Jóźwiak¹,

Siczek²

2013

The Archives of Automotive Engineering/ Archiwum Motoryzacji

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StreszczenieW artykule przedstawiono analiz✁ wp!ywu obecno✂ ci osadów na zaworach rozrz✄ du silnika spalinowego na zu☎ ycie tych zaworów. Celem przeprowadzonych bada✆ by!o rozpoznanie procesu osadzania si✁ nagaru na zaworach silnika spalinowego oraz oszacowanie wspó!czynnika oporów ruchu podczas ✂ lizgania si✁ przylgni zaworu po przylgni gniazda w warunkach wyst✁ powania nagaru. Omówiono na podstawie przegl✄ du literatury wp!yw smarowania, powstawania osadów i obracania si✁ zaworów na ich zu☎ ycie. Przeanalizowano wp!yw paliwa na tworzenie si✁ osadów, st✁ ☎ enie masowe cz✄ steczek tych osadów. Przedstawiono mechanizmy osadzania si✁ cz✄ steczek na powierzchni przylgni zaworu wylotowego, mechanizmy narastania osadu. Przeanalizowano pr✁ dko✂ ✝ osadzania cz✄ steczek i zjawisko z!uszczania osadu. Przedstawiono model zu☎ ycia zaworu oraz stanowisko do badania momentu tarcia mi✁ dzy stalow✄ kulk✄ i p!ask✄ stalow✄ próbk✄ , po-kryt✄ warstw✄ osadu. W artykule zamieszczono tak☎ e wyniki bada✆ eksperymentalnych oraz wy-ci✄ gni✁ te wnioski. Spis oznaczeα, β -wspó!czynniki, e-energia uderzenia, f -cz stotliwo wymusze , k -sta!a zuycia przy po lizgu, j, n, K -sta!e zu ycia przy uderzeniu, m -suma masy zaworu i po!owy masy spr yny, p g -szczytowa warto ci nienia gazów w cylindrze, r -g! boko ubytku, w -d!ugo przylgni, x -droga po lizgu przylgni zaworu wzgl dem przylgni gniazda, A i -pocz tkowe pole styku zawór -gniazdo, A -pole styku po N cyklach, H -twardo powierzchni gniazda, N -liczba cykli, P -rednia si!a obci aj ca pole styku zaworu z gniazdem, R -promie otworu gniazda w g!owicy, R max -parametr chropowato ci, T -temperatura, V -pr dko zaworu podczas uderzenia, W -obj to zu ycia, ZI -zap!on iskrowy, ZS -zap!on samoczynny, -wzgl dny stosunek powietrza do paliwa, µ -wspó!czynnik tarcia w styku zawór -gniazdo, θ -k t przylgni zaworu,. R i -pocz tkowy promie przylgni gniazda, w i -pocz tkowa d!ugo przylgni gniazda, M t -moment tarcia. ARCHIWUM MOTORYZACJI 1, pp. 55-73 (2011) Szary / Gray Czarny / Black 523 K 623 K 723 K Gniazdo / Seat Insert Zawór / Valve 700 K Rys. 1. Zgromadzone osady na zaworach dolotowych silnika ZS, na bazie [4]

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“…NO x emissions from heavy duty vehicles including buses are typically controlled using a number of techniques, both in-engine and in-exhaust after-treatment. Among the most effective is Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR), an exhaust after-treatment method; in SCR, NO x reacts catalytically with ammonia to form non-pollutants nitrogen and water [5]. SCR requires a certain exhaust gas temperature to decompose the urea solution to ammonia and also to convert the NO x ; typically, the urea decomposition reaction stops below exhaust temperatures of 180 • C. Injecting urea at temperatures below this can result in unwanted deposits, although there are techniques enabling conversion at temperatures as low as 150 • C on the most modern systems [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying NOx Hotspots in Transient Urban Driving of Two Diesel Buses and a Diesel Car

2020

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NO x emissions from vehicles have been a substantial cause for concern due to their impact on urban air quality. In particular, despite reducing levels of permitted emissions legislatively, such reductions have not been observed in the real world. In this work, NO x emissions from three vehicles-a Euro 5 car, a Euro V hybrid bus, and a Euro VI-bus have been measured in real driving conditions (and in the case of the buses-in full passenger service). A recently developed high spatio-temporal resolution technique combining very fast (10 ms) NO x measurement with differential GPS accurate to 1 cm allows these emissions to be resolved to a distance of less than 10 cm (worst-case-dependent on vehicle speed). The results show that acceleration events for the vehicles play a significant part in their total NO x emissions. In addition, standard events such as a speed bump and a bus stop are analysed. The temperature of any aftertreatment (catalytic converter) to reduce NO x emissions is also observed to be of substantial significance. At idle, the passenger car was observed to near-double its NO x emissions when the air conditioning was switched on. Finally, the real driving conditions are compared to the legislative compliance cycles for the certification of the buses, and those results used to further understand the observed NO x emissions.

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Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines

Cited by 435 publications

References 4 publications

Linear stochastic estimation of the coherent structures in internal combustion engine flow

Linear stochastic estimation of the coherent structures in internal combustion engine flow

Badania wpływu osadów na zużycie zaworu

Identifying NOx Hotspots in Transient Urban Driving of Two Diesel Buses and a Diesel Car

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