Introduction to Environmental Toxicology

Landis, Wayne G.; Sofield, Ruth M.; Yu, Ming‐Ho

doi:10.1201/9781439804117

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Using the binary classifier model, eight of the 25 chemicals were predicted to be cleared primarily through renal mechanisms, while the remaining 17 were predicted to be cleared via hepatic metabolism. Predicting primary clearance mechanisms for environmental chemicals is not as straightforward as predicting these mechanisms for pharmaceuticals because exposure to environmental chemicals is, more often than not, incidental, and detoxification occurs through the most optimal mechanism based on a chemical’s physicochemical properties. Findings within the literature indicated that the majority of the chemicals selected for the current study undergo primarily hepatic elimination or a mixture of both hepatic metabolism and renal clearance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Impact of Uncertainties in Clearance and Exposure When Prioritizing Chemicals Screened in High-Throughput Assays

Leonard

Chang³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The toxicity-testing paradigm has evolved to include highthroughput (HT) methods for addressing the increasing need to screen hundreds to thousands of chemicals rapidly. Approaches that involve in vitro screening assays, in silico predictions of exposure concentrations, and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics provide the foundation for HT risk prioritization. Underlying uncertainties in predicted exposure concentrations or PK behaviors can significantly influence the prioritization of chemicals, though the impact of such influences is unclear. In the current study, a framework was developed to incorporate absorbed doses, PK properties, and in vitro dose–response data into a PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) model to allow for placement of chemicals into discrete priority bins. Literature-reported or predicted values for clearance rates and absorbed doses were used in the PK/PD model to evaluate the impact of their uncertainties on chemical prioritization. Scenarios using predicted absorbed doses resulted in a larger number of bin misassignments than those scenarios using predicted clearance rates, when comparing to bin placement using literature-reported values. Sensitivity of parameters on the model output of toxicological activity was examined across possible ranges for those parameters to provide insight into how uncertainty in their predicted values might impact uncertainty in activity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Impact of Uncertainties in Clearance and Exposure When Prioritizing Chemicals Screened in High-Throughput Assays

Leonard

Chang³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Because one of the primary reasons for conducting a toxicological study is to rank chemicals according to their toxicity, another important parameter to assess metal toxicity is the slope of the curve represented by n H 6. This parameter offers essential information for comparing the toxicity of two or more compounds and for a proper appreciation of toxicity in the case of similar EC50 values 22.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri , daphnids, fishes, and a dozen species of algae are representative aquatic organisms widely used to monitor the toxicity of a plethora of pollutants 1, 2. Despite the research carried out on soil toxicity using bioluminescent‐marked soil bacteria, nematodes, and earthworms 3–5, less attention has focused on soil organisms such as fungi, mosses, and plants, in the search for new methods for toxicity evaluation, although these organisms are prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems 6. This may be explained, in part, by the lower mobility of contaminants in soil than in water, and by the higher tolerance of terrestrial species (especially fungi) to pollutants compared with aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of metal toxicity by a modified method based on the fungus Gerronema viridilucens bioluminescence in agar medium

Mendes

Stevani

2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Metal cation toxicity to basidiomycete fungi is poorly understood, despite its well-known importance in terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, there is no reported methodology for the routine evaluation of metal toxicity to basidiomycetes. In the present study, we describe the development of a procedure to assess the acute toxicity of metal cations (Na(+), K(+), Li(+), Ca(2+),Mg(2+), Co(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Mn(2+), Cd(2+), and Cu(2+)) to the bioluminescent basidiomycete fungus Gerronema viridilucens. The method is based on the decrease in the intensity of bioluminescence resulting from injuries sustained by the fungus mycelium exposed to either essential or nonessential metal toxicants. The assay described herein enables us to propose a metal toxicity series to Gerronema viridilucens based on data obtained from the bioluminescence intensity (median effective concentration [EC50] values) versus metal concentration: Cd(2+) > Cu(2+) > Mn(2+) approximately Ni(2+) approximately Co(2+) > Zn(2+) > Mg(2+) > Li(+) > K(+) approximately Na(+) > Ca(2+), and to shed some light on the mechanism of toxic action of metal cations to basidiomycete fungi.

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“…toksiste testi ile atıksuyun tatlı su alıcı ortamdaki toksistesinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Testlerde toksisite sonuçları genellikle gözlemlenen ya da ölçülen duruma göre eğer ölüm gözleniyorsa %50 ölüme neden olan derişime (50% lethal concentration,) LC50, eğer toksisite ölümcül olmayan daha düşük bir etkiye neden oluyorsa %50 etki yapan derişim (50% effective concentration,) EC50 ve inhibitör olduğu bilinen maddelerin %50 inhibisyon yapan derişimleri (50% inhibition concentration,) IC50 olarak ifade edilmekte, bakteri, alg gibi organizmaların gelişim hızlarındaki azalmalar için genellikle kullanılmaktadır [25].…”

Section: 2unclassified

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2022

NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg.

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Endüstriyel atık suların neden olduğu su kirliliği problemleri günümüzde oldukça yaygındır. Bu çalışmada, halihazırda tehlikeli atık olarak bertarafı pahalı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilen reçine atık sularının tekno-ekonomik olarak arıtımına ışık tutacak karakterizasyon çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Endüstriyel atık suların karakterizasyonuna esas olan klasik parametreler ile yapılan ölçüm sonuçları atık suyun üretim proseslerinden kaynaklanan yüksek derecede organik kirlilik içerdiğini (KOİ=19875 mg/L, TOK=6143 mg/L, BOİ5=5879 mg/L) göstermiştir. Yapılan genel toksisite testleri atık suyun hacimsel olarak Daphnia sp. (24 saat) organizmaları dikkate alındığında tatlı sularda LD50=%1,25, anaerobik ve aerobik karışık kültürler dikkate alındığında sırasıyla 24 saatlik IC50=16,1, ve 48 saatlik IC50=%15 toksik ve inhibe edici seviyeler tespit edilmiştir. Halihazırda yakılarak çok yüksek maliyetle bertarafı yapılan bu atıksuyun, belli seviyelerde biyolojik olarak olarak arıtımının mümkün olduğu, alıcı ortam deşarj standartlarını sağlayacak ölçüde arıtımının ise daha ileri teknojilerle mümkün olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

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Introduction to Environmental Toxicology

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluating the Impact of Uncertainties in Clearance and Exposure When Prioritizing Chemicals Screened in High-Throughput Assays

Evaluating the Impact of Uncertainties in Clearance and Exposure When Prioritizing Chemicals Screened in High-Throughput Assays

Evaluation of metal toxicity by a modified method based on the fungus Gerronema viridilucens bioluminescence in agar medium

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