Introduction to Contaminated Site Management

Swartjes, Frank A.

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9757-6_1

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Given the nature of a tiered approach, in each step the assessment becomes less conservative, is based on more site-specific information and, hence, is more complex, time-consuming and often more expensive. The philosophy behind this is: simple when possible (the first tier) and more complex when necessary (also higher tiers) (Swartjes, 2011). A tiered approach is an efficient way of risk assessing, without compromising scientific integrity.…”

Section: Tiered Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tiered approach for the human health risk assessment for consumption of vegetables from with cadmium-contaminated land in urban areas

Swartjes

Versluijs

Otte

2013

Environmental Research

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Section: Tiered Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

A tiered approach for the human health risk assessment for consumption of vegetables from with cadmium-contaminated land in urban areas

Swartjes

Versluijs

Otte

2013

Environmental Research

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“…Many organic and inorganic pollutants may be released into the soil as a result of anthropogenic activity and affect soil ecological functions (Swartjes 2011; Cachada et al 2016). One group of chemicals of significant environmental importance are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed and released in all processes of incomplete combustion of fuels, such as wood, coal or diesel (Maliszewska-Kordybach et al 2008; Holoubek et al 2009; Xiao et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ERA is a multi-step process aimed to collect and analyse environmental exposure and effect data to estimate the risk of contamination to ecosystems (US EPA 1998; Sutter et al 2000; Swartjes 2011; Karczewska and Kabała 2017). The first methodological guide of ERA was developed by the US EPA and over time has become a reference in the risk assessment process and was modified or adapted for managing polluted sites in many countries (US EPA 1998; Weeks et al 2004; Ashton et al 2008; Merrington et al 2008; Perrodin et al 2011; Swartjes et al 2012; Terekhova et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For optimum protection of the soil ecosystem, ERA process should start with the application of generic and conservative assumptions (first tier risk assessment). This may be achieved by comparing predicted (PEC) or measured contaminant concentrations (MEC) in soil with national environmental quality standards (EQSs, e.g., soil screening levels or benchmark values) (Ashton et al 2008; Dagnino et al 2008; Rutgers and Jensen 2011; Swartjes 2011). The values of PEC (MEC)/EQS ratio > 1 indicate the existing ecological risk and are expressed as hazard or risk quotient (HQ or RQ) (Weeks et al 2004; Hull and Swanson 2006; Merrington et al 2008; Gutiérrez et al 2009; Sorvari et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Triad-based screening risk assessment of the agricultural area exposed to the long-term PAHs contamination

Klimkowicz‐Pawlas

Maliszewska-Kordybach

Smreczak

2018

Environ Geochem Health

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The aim of the study was ecological risk assessment (ERA) of the agricultural soils located in the vicinity of the highly industrialized area and exposed to different emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, we demonstrated the combination of generic and site-specific ERA approach for screening assessment and delineation of the area of a high ecological risk. Generic approach was based on a hazard quotient and indicated that 62% of the research area needs further assessment. For site-specific evaluation, the Triad approach was utilized. Information from three lines of evidence (LoE): chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological, was integrated into one environmental risk (EnvRI) index. The chemical risk was derived from toxic pressure coefficients based on the total PAHs concentration. The ecotoxicological LoE included an acute toxicity testing: the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri activity in both liquid- and solid-phase samples and the ability of crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus to food uptake. The ecological LoE comprised microbial parameters related to soil respiration and enzymatic activity. Integrated EnvRI index ranged from 0.44 to 0.94 and was mainly influenced by high values of chemical LoE risk, while the ecotoxicological and ecological LoE indicated no or low risk. Due to the relatively high uncertainty associated with the contradictory information given by LoEs, there is the need to confirm potential risk in a tier 2 analysis.

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“…The key factor that may control the bioaccessibility is the mineralogy of the element. This is a combination of the original mineralogy of the parent soil material and the secondary minerals caused by weathering (Swartjes, 2011). This research paper is focused on the assessment of the mobility of arsenic from two, historic industrial sites, which have been part of two distinct housing estates for more than 65 years.…”

Section: Identified a Link Between Chemical Extractions And Bioavailablementioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and chemical extraction to assess the mobility and availability of arsenic in an urban environment

Amaibi

Entwistle

Kennedy

et al. 2019

Applied Geochemistry

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A multidisciplinary approach, using chemical extraction and analytical structural techniques, has been used to assess the mobility and availability of arsenic in urban soil samples from two current housing sites. Arsenic concentrations in each site varied between 126-1,660 mg/kg (Site A) and 40-24,900 mg/kg (Site B). Using a non-specific sequential extraction approach, it was possible to identify two distinct, site specific, As-containing fractions i.e. Fe-As-Ca (Site A) and As-Fe (Site B), in the soils. Further investigation using a sequential extraction approach identified the main As component in the reducible fraction, linking As with Fe-oxides in the soils. Further investigation of the crystalline mineral phases, by X-ray diffraction, within the most As-contaminated soils (up to 24,000 mg/kg) identified no Asbearing minerals but identified the major component as quartz (SiO2) with an array of minor and trace minerals. Further mineralogical investigation, using micro-Raman in the major Ascontaminated soils (from Site B) as well as reconfirming the presence of the major mineral (quartz) additionally identified the As-bearing minerals pharmacosiderite (KFe4[(H2O)4(AsO4)3].6H2O) and mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl) in the trace mineral component, alongside amorphous carbon, chromite (FeCr2O4), goethite (α-FeO(OH)), gypsum (CaSO4.H2O), muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2), magnetite (Fe3O4), martite (α-Fe2O3), psilomelane (Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10), pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) and rutile (TiO2). The identification and presence of several Fe-rich minerals could be considered as the major hosts of As in the soil matrix. It is concluded that while the soil contains elevated levels of As, it's lack of mobility in the soil, means that minimal remedial action is required provided the sites are left undisturbed and free of human endeavour and activity.

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Introduction to Contaminated Site Management

Cited by 24 publications

References 77 publications

A tiered approach for the human health risk assessment for consumption of vegetables from with cadmium-contaminated land in urban areas

A tiered approach for the human health risk assessment for consumption of vegetables from with cadmium-contaminated land in urban areas

Triad-based screening risk assessment of the agricultural area exposed to the long-term PAHs contamination

Mineralogy, solid-phase fractionation and chemical extraction to assess the mobility and availability of arsenic in an urban environment

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