Introduction to Anticancer Drugs from Marine Origin

Abstract

The chemical and biological diversity of the marine environment is extraordinary resource for the discovery of new anticancer drugs. Recent technological and methodological advances in elucidation of structure, synthesis, and biological assay have resulted in the isolation and clinical evaluation of various novel anticancer agents from marine pipeline. To understanding the marine derived anticancer compounds are useful in pharmaceutical industry and clinical applications. The marine sponges, algae, microbes, tunicates and other species from the marine pipeline are the important sources for biological active compounds. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in the number of preclinical anticancer lead compounds from diverse marine life enter human clinical trials.Keywords Anticancer · Algae · Sponges · Marine · Bioactive compounds IntroductionCancer is a dreadful human disease, increasing with changing life style, nutrition, and global warming. A report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) showed that an estimated 12.7 million people were diagnosed with cancer globally and about 7.6 million people died of it in 2008. As estimated in this report, more than 21 million new cancer cases and 13 million deaths are expected by 2030. Although cancer accounts for around 13 % of all deaths in the world, more than 30 % of cancer deaths can be prevented by modifying or avoiding key risk factors [1]. However, almost all of the chemotherapy drugs currently in the market cause serious side effects. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50 % of all the drugs in clinical use of the world. Higher plants contribute not less than 25 % of the total. Almost 60 % of drugs approved for cancer treatment are of natural origin.S.-K. Kim and S. Kalimuthu 2 Although marine compounds are underrepresented in current pharmacopoeia, it is anticipated that the marine environment will become an invaluable source of novel compounds in the future [2].Marine nutraceuticals can be derived from a vast array of sources, including marine plants, microorganisms, and sponges. Marine nutraceutical products currently promoted to various countries include fish oil, chitin, chitosan, marine enzymes and chondroitin from shark cartilage, sea cucumbers and mussels. Polysaccharides derived from alga, including alginate, carrageenan and agar are widely used as thickeners and stabilizers in a variety of food ingredients. In addition, Omega PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acid) is an important ingredient to the nutraceutical industry [3]. It has been proven that Omega-PUFA, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) play a significant role in number of aspects of human health [4].More than 70 % of our planet's surface is covered by oceans. An exciting "marine pipeline" of new anticancer clinical and preclinical agents has emerged from intense efforts over the past decade to more effectively explore the rich chemical diversity offered by marine life. The chemical adaptations generally take the form of ...

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