Introduction: The need for both international and national protection of human rights – the European challenge

When ‘reform’ meets ‘judicial restraint’: Protocol 15 amending the European Convention on Human Rights

“…When may these restrictions not be justified with reference to the constitutional and historical background of the respondent state? 62 The doctrine takes other 'manifestations' as well, including 'the Court's respect for the facts as established by the domestic courts or their interpretation of domestic law'. 63 The doctrine is irrelevant for specific Convention rights, a point which is returned to below.…”