“…Companies such as IBM, Siemens, and Cisco act as urban consultancy firms and reduce complex urban issues to management problems (McNeill 2015) that can be easily solved with the idea of "solution" (Wiig 2015;Hollands 2008;Kitchin 2015). Similarly, in the Indian case, even though consultants played a key role in previous urban missions (Sadoway et al 2018), Smart Cities have led to an increased reliance on a wide range of consultants (Purandare 2021;Khan et al 2018), especially IT consultants, as an effect of the digital turn spearheaded by the Smart Cities Mission (Parkar and Purandare 2023). These ITdriven solutions are often packaged as simple, clean, and one-size-fit-all fixes for complex social settings (Ho 2017).…”