Mark Connelly, in his social history of Christmas, begins by arguing that Christmas is 'England's single greatest cultural export' (2012, iv). Though aware that modern day Christmas finds its roots across Europe (McKay 2008) and draws on a range of local Pagan and Christian traditions (Miller 1993), Connelly argues that the Victorian period saw a search for and consolidation of uniquely English literature, myths, stories and practices that have since come to define Christmas across the world. Rather than the commonplace argument that the Victorians invented Christmas, Connelly, much like Storey (2008), suggests they were instead concerned that the ritual was dying out and 'conserved' and 'revived' rather than originated an entirely new set of customs and practices. Against the backdrop of rapid social and economic changes such as urbanisation, commercialisation, and industrialisation the Victorians became, for Connelly, 'obsessed' with finding and compiling English customs from the past in order to save this annual festival. This endeavour was especially driven by the desire to unearth and maintain ancient customs unsullied by excessive commercialism and modernity. The emerging materialism associated with How to cite this book chapter: