Introduction of Sequential Inactivated Polio Vaccine-Oral Polio Vaccine Schedule for Routine Infant Immunization in Brazil's National Immunization Program

Abstract

In August 2012, the Brazilian Ministry of Health introduced inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of sequential polio vaccination schedule for all infants beginning their primary vaccination series. The revised childhood immunization schedule included 2 doses of IPV at 2 and 4 months of age followed by 2 doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV) at 6 and 15 months of age. One annual national polio immunization day was maintained to provide OPV to all children aged 6 to 59 months. The decision to introduce IPV was based on preventing rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic polio, financially sustaining IPV introduction, ensuring equitable access to IPV, and preparing for future OPV cessation following global eradication. Introducing IPV during a national multivaccination campaign led to rapid uptake, despite challenges with local vaccine supply due to high wastage rates. Continuous monitoring is required to achieve high coverage with the sequential polio vaccine schedule.

Acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a polio-free country: Brazil, 2005–2014

“…Additionally, one annual National Immunization Day (NID) offers OPV to all children under 5 y old regardless their polio vaccination status. 8 In general, the coverage with OPV and IPV has been high throughout the country, although in some areas it is < 95% among children under 1 y. 8 Recently, a wild PV1 and type 2 VDPV polioviruses were isolated from environmental samples in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.…”

“…8 In general, the coverage with OPV and IPV has been high throughout the country, although in some areas it is < 95% among children under 1 y. 8 Recently, a wild PV1 and type 2 VDPV polioviruses were isolated from environmental samples in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The wild PV1 was closely related (99.6% identity) to the wild PV1 currently circulating in Equatorial Guinea while the VDPV shows to be highly evolved (8,6% VP1 nucleotide differences from its parental Sabin vaccine).…”

Multifunctional particle-constituted microneedle arrays as cutaneous or mucosal vaccine adjuvant-delivery systems

“…3 To overcome the drawbacks associated with injections, researchers have formulated novel vaccines that can be inoculated through alternative routes, such as oral uptake, inhalation, intranasal and transdermal administration. [4][5][6] Encouragingly, some of these novel vaccines that are vaccinated through intranasal or oral uptake have been approved for marketing, 4,6 offering great benefits to vaccinees, especially, children and the ones who have needle phobia.…”

Microneedle arrays delivery of the conventional vaccines based on nonvirulent viruses

“…Obviously, it is just the mucosal immunity that is one of the first barriers to the entry of the vast majority of human pathogens, which are transmitted mainly through crossing mucus membranes, and, thus, mucosal immunity is highly desired by people, especially, in the areas with poor sanitation (Chen & Zehrung, 2012;Wang et al, 2014b,c). To overcome the drawbacks associated with injections, researchers have tried novel strategies to allow inoculation of vaccines through alternative routes, such as oral uptake, inhalation, intranasal and intra-oral cavity administration, and even skin patching (Childress et al, 2014;Domingues et al, 2014;Low et al, 2015). Encouragingly, some of the noninjection vaccines have been marketed for prophylaxis of corresponding infections (Childress et al, 2014), offering great benefits to recipients and, especially, to the ones with needle phobia.…”