Purpose
Syringes are used for diagnostic fluid aspiration and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) in interventional procedures. We determined the benefits, disadvantages, and patient safety implications of syringe and needle size on vacuum generation, hand force requirements, biopsy/fluid yield, and needle control during aspiration procedures.
Materials and Methods
Different sizes (1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 ml) of the conventional syringe and aspirating mechanical safety syringe, the reciprocating procedure device (RPD), were studied. 20 operators performed aspiration procedures with the following outcomes measured: 1) vacuum (Torr), 2) time to vacuum (seconds), 3) hand force to generate vacuum (Torr-cm2), 4) operator difficulty during aspiration, 5) biopsy yield (mg), and 6) operator control of the needle tip position (mm).
Results
Vacuum increased tissue biopsy yield at all needle diameters (p < 0.002). 20 ml syringes achieved a vacuum of −517 Torr, but required significantly more strength to aspirate, and resulted in significant loss of needle control (p<0.002). The 10 ml syringe generated only 15% less vacuum (−435 Torr) than the 20 ml, and required much less hand strength. The mechanical syringe generated identical vacuum at all syringe sizes with less hand force (p<0.002), and provided significantly enhanced needle control (p<0.002).
Conclusions
To optimize patient safety and control of the needle and maximize fluid and tissue yield during aspiration procedures, a two-handed technique and the smallest syringe size adequate for the procedure should be used. If precise needle control or one-handed operation is required, a mechanical safety syringe should be considered.