Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds

Jeong, Sol; Lee, Dong Hun; Kim, Yujin; Lee, Sun-Hak; Cho, Andrew Y.; Noh, Jin-Yong; Erdene-Ochir, Tseren-Ochir; Jeong, Jei-Hyun; Song, Chang‐Seon

doi:10.3201/eid2511.190604

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…In a recent publication, an H6N5 strain, A/Aix galericulata/South Korea/K17-1638-5/2017(H6N5) (designated as K17) was isolated from the feces of a mandarin duck during July 2017–March 2018. This virus carried the full gene segment from a North American ancestor [ 8 ]. However, mandarin ducks ( Aix galericulata ) belong to the Asian population that is primarily found in Southeast China, and, therefore, does not regularly participate in the transfer between Eurasia and North America; hence, there would likely be alternative wild birds involved in the transmission of H6N5 to the mandarin ducks in Korea [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This virus carried the full gene segment from a North American ancestor [ 8 ]. However, mandarin ducks ( Aix galericulata ) belong to the Asian population that is primarily found in Southeast China, and, therefore, does not regularly participate in the transfer between Eurasia and North America; hence, there would likely be alternative wild birds involved in the transmission of H6N5 to the mandarin ducks in Korea [ 8 ]. Frequently, the H6 subtype has been recorded as the cause of widespread outbreaks in poultry and may also sporadically infect humans [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Characterization of a Novel North American-Origin Avian Influenza A (H6N5) Virus Isolated from Bean Goose of South Korea in 2018

Nguyen

Sung

Yun

et al. 2020

Viruses

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The complex overlap in waterfowl migratory pathways across the world has established numerous occurrences of genetic reassortment and intercontinental spread of avian influenza virus (AIV) over long distances, thereby calling for huge efforts and targeted surveillance for infection control. During annual surveillance in South Korea in 2018, a novel avian influenza H6N5 (K6) subtype was isolated from the fecal sample of wild bird. Genomic characterization using a phylogenetic tree indicated the K6 virus to be of North American-origin, with partial homology to an H6N5 strain, A/Aix galericulata/South Korea/K17-1638-5/2017 (K17). A monobasic residue at the HA cleavage site and absence of a notable mutation at the HA receptor-binding site suggested the isolate to be of low pathogenicity. However, molecular analysis revealed the E119V mutation in the NA gene and a human host marker mutation E382D in the polymerase acidic (PA) gene, implying their susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors and potential infectivity in humans, respectively. For comparison, K6 and K17 were found to be dissimilar for various mutations, such as A274T of PB2, S375N/T of PB1, or V105M of NP, each concerning the increased virulence of K6 in mammalian system. Moreover, kinetic data presented the highest viral titer of this H6N5 isolate at 106.37 log10TCID50 after 48 h of infection, thus proving efficient adaptability for replication in a mammalian system in vitro. The mouse virus challenge study showed insignificant influence on the total body weight, while viral load shedding in lungs peaked at 1.88 ± 0.21 log10 TICD50/mL, six days post infection. The intercontinental transmission of viruses from North America may continuously be present in Korea, thereby providing constant opportunities for virus reassortment with local resident AIVs; these results hint at the increased potential risk of host jumping capabilities of the new isolates. Our findings reinforce the demand for regular surveillance, not only in Korea but also along the flyways in Alaska.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of a Novel North American-Origin Avian Influenza A (H6N5) Virus Isolated from Bean Goose of South Korea in 2018

Nguyen

Sung

Yun

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…phylogenetic analysis (5). Isolate pintail/Alaska/UGAI-4733 was collected 78 days before the South Korean sample.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Genome Sequence of an H6N5 Influenza A Virus Strain Isolated from a Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) Sampled in Alaska, USA, Shares High Identity with That of a South Korean Wild Bird Strain

Reeves

Ramey

Poulson

et al. 2020

Microbiol Resour Announc

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“…The host was identified as Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) ( Figures S1 and S2). The sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (509 bp) is shown in Table S1 and was found very close to the habitat in which avian influenza A virus was introduced into Korea from North America by wild birds [36]. Resident information for Mandarin ducks was obtained in March and October in 2018, as confirmed by the National Institute of Biological Resources in Korea ( Figure S3).…”

Section: Genetic Characterization Of Novel Avian Influenza a (H11n9) mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…In contrast, this duck carried the HPAI reassortant avian influenza A (H5N6) group C virus in South Korea, 2016 (MD/KR/2016), and the HA gene of the MD/KR/2016 virus belonged to and clustered with the H5N6 subtype viruses isolated from humans, cats, and the environment in Guangdong, China during 2014-2015 [80]. H6N5 is rarely detected in Mandarin ducks [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza A (H11N9) Virus Isolated from Mandarin Ducks in South Korea in 2018

Tuong

Nguyen

Sung

et al. 2020

Viruses

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In July 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9)) was isolated from Mandarin ducks in South Korea. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the H11N9 strain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain H11N9 belonged to the Eurasian lineages. Analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes revealed the highest homology with A/duck/Kagoshima/KU57/2014 (H11N9), showing 97.70% and 98.00% nucleotide identities, respectively. Additionally, internal genes showed homology higher than 98% compared to those of other isolates derived from duck and wild birds. Both the polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1) genes were close to the H5N3 strain isolated in China; whereas, other internal genes were closely related to that of avian influenza virus in Japan. A single basic amino acid at the HA cleavage site (PAIASR↓GLF), the lack of a five-amino acid deletion (residue 69–73) in the stalk region of the NA gene, and E627 in the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) gene indicated that the A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) isolate was a typical low-pathogenicity avian influenza. In vitro viral replication of H11N9 showed a lower titer than H1N1 and higher than H9N2. In mice, H11N9 showed lower adaptation than H1N1. The novel A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) isolate may have resulted from an unknown reassortment through the import of multiple wild birds in Japan and Korea in approximately 2016–2017, evolving to produce a different H11N9 compared to the previous H11N9 in Korea (2016). Further reassortment events of this virus occurred in PB1 and PA in China-derived strains. These results indicate that Japanese- and Chinese-derived avian influenza contributes to the genetic diversity of A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) in Korea.

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Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Genetic Characterization of a Novel North American-Origin Avian Influenza A (H6N5) Virus Isolated from Bean Goose of South Korea in 2018

Genetic Characterization of a Novel North American-Origin Avian Influenza A (H6N5) Virus Isolated from Bean Goose of South Korea in 2018

The Genome Sequence of an H6N5 Influenza A Virus Strain Isolated from a Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) Sampled in Alaska, USA, Shares High Identity with That of a South Korean Wild Bird Strain

Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza A (H11N9) Virus Isolated from Mandarin Ducks in South Korea in 2018

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