“…Intelligence-led policing (ILP), first implemented in the early 1990s primarily in the UK, is a proactive approach to policing intended to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of police organizations. It was introduced in the UK alongside the National Intelligence Model as part of the 'reimagining policing' discourse (Burcher, 2020;NCIS, 2000;Ratcliffe, 2003), in an attempt to overcome the limitations of traditional reactive policing methods (Carter et al, 2014;Collier, 2006;Ratcliffe, 2003Ratcliffe, , 2016 and address the challenges posed by, among others, organized crime, technological developments, and outdated police infrastructures.…”