Introduction: Immigrant Businesses and their Economic, Politico-Institutional and Social Environment

Rath, Jan

doi:10.1057/9781403905338_1

Cited by 98 publications

(111 citation statements)

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“…The success of an ethnic business, for which no single characteristic is responsible, largely depends on whether the ethnic entrepreneur can implement strategies to fully mobilize the opportunities produced through the complex interaction of the other two dimensions (Waldinger et al 1990). However, this model is criticized as reducing the economic and politico-institutional factors into a narrowly defined list of immigrant-or ethnic-specific laws and regulations (Bonacich 1993;Rath 2000Rath , 2002.…”

Section: Ethnic Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Embeddedness in Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Global Forces Behind Chinese-Owned Nail Salons in New York City

You

Zhou

2018

American Behavioral Scientist

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This article investigates how global forces influence immigrant entrepreneurship. Research in the United States generally assumes that immigrant enterprises, especially those in the service sector of the urban economy, are largely low-end and highly localized. Our case study of Chinese-owned nail salons in New York City suggests that immigrant enterprises are predominantly transnational, shaped not only by local market conditions in the host country but also by multiple layers of socioeconomic and politico-institutional circumstances in the home country. We build on the ideas of mixed embeddedness and transnationalism to develop an analytic framework of simultaneous embeddedness that underscores the linkage between the local and the global. Using data collected from face-to-face interviews and on-site observations in New York City, as well as archival records of government policies and media reports in both the United States and China, we find that individual characteristics and home country interpersonal networks shape processes of adaptation and business formation in the host country. Moreover, the supply of business labor is influenced by three factors in China: (a) educational attainment among the younger generation, (b) job mismatch in the local labor market, and (c) economic opportunities. Finally, the Chinese government’s entrepreneurship promoting policy and relaxed control over studying abroad and tourism overseas, intertwined with U.S. immigration policy, exacerbate the problem of labor shortage for Chinese-owned nail salons in New York City.

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Section: Ethnic Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Embeddedness in Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Global Forces Behind Chinese-Owned Nail Salons in New York City

You

Zhou

2018

American Behavioral Scientist

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“…(see Baycan-Levent et al, 2003Jones and Ram, 2007;Rath, 2000;Stiles and Galbraith, 2004;Waldinger et al, 1990;Ward and Jenkins, 1984). A wealth of scientific contributions and reviews on ethnic entrepreneurship can be found in Dana (2007).…”

Section: Self-employed Migrants Are Increasingly Resorting To What Ismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…European cities have demonstrated a remarkable demographic change, with a large influence of foreign migrants in recent decades. Between 1975 and2000, the population of Europe grew from 349 to 375 million (Brücker et al, 2002). Nowadays, several districts in European cities have a majority of foreigners, and within the next two decades several European cities will have a majority of first-and second-generation migrants.…”

Section: The Second Cycle In Migrant Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The urban growth potential of second-generation migrant entrepreneurs: A sectoral study on Amsterdam

Baycan

Sahin

Nijkamp

2012

International Business Review

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“…Entrepreneurship may thus be seen in ethnic groups as a good alternative for a regular job, as it also gives more possibilities for social mobility (cf. Rath 1998).…”

Section: Research Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Search of Ethnic Entrepreneurship Opportunities in the City: A Comparative Policy Study

Delft¹,

Gorter²,

Nijkamp³

2000

Environ Plann C Gov Policy

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The rapidly rising inflow of foreign migrants confronts policy-makers with many socio-economic problems. The negative externalities of uncontrolled immigration are well known and often hard to cope with. In recent years we have seen many policy initiatives based on self-reliance principles for ethnic groups. Against this background ethnic entrepreneurship has become a popular strategy, as it stimulates and encourages migrants to look after themselves with a limited support of the government. Such a policy becomes an increasingly important endeavour in many large cities. Besides the conventional educational support and training programmes, such a strategy would need to implement policy strategies aiming at self-employment. An emphasis on ethnic entrepreneurship seeks to exploit the economic potential and opportunities instead of focusing on the problems minorities encounter when entering the labour market. In ethnic entrepreneurship, this potential can be utilised in a creative way, especially if well-organised projects and initiatives are set up.In this paper, various assistance programmes and urban policies in several European cities aiming at favouring ethnic entrepreneurship will be systematically compared with the aim to draw lessons for effective labour market policies. The methodological approach will employ a systematic information base concerning selfemployment strategies in the cities under investigation. A newly developed comparative statistical method for categorical information, viz. rough set analysis, will be used in order to identify critical success factors. The results suggest that utilisation of social networks is most helpful to enhance self-employment among ethnic minorities. Finally, the paper offers some lessons for the establishment of socio-cultural and ethnic networks, for strategies for improving training and education and for improvement of access to facilities and financial resources. 1 Ethnic Entrepreneurship in a Multi-cultural SocietyModern societies are moving away from a stable social and established structure toward a state of fluidity in which mobility of people (commuters, migrants) tends to become a visual landmark. The action radius of spatial mobility is steadily increasing from the local or regional scale to national and global levels (Sassen 1991;Scott 1990). The current globalisation trend, which has only recently started, will mean an even more diffuse pattern of community life, in which complex network configurations seem to play a dominant role. It seems also plausible that uniformity in society will increasingly be replaced by diversity, so that future societies will be characterised by a 'multi-colour' composition with a great cultural, social, ethnic and religious variety (cf. Cross 1992;Esping-Andersen 1993;Massey and Denton 1993;Storper 1997).The above mentioned dynamics manifests itself in particular in cross-border migration (see Nijkamp and Spiess 1994;Gorter et al 1998). It should be recognised however, that international migration as such is not a ne...

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Introduction: Immigrant Businesses and their Economic, Politico-Institutional and Social Environment

Cited by 98 publications

References 0 publications

Simultaneous Embeddedness in Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Global Forces Behind Chinese-Owned Nail Salons in New York City

Simultaneous Embeddedness in Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Global Forces Behind Chinese-Owned Nail Salons in New York City

The urban growth potential of second-generation migrant entrepreneurs: A sectoral study on Amsterdam

In Search of Ethnic Entrepreneurship Opportunities in the City: A Comparative Policy Study

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