Introduction: human blood and social policy

Titmuss, Richard M.

doi:10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0001

Cited by 47 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Our findings partly contradict previous studies that argue that increasing extrinsic incentives may undermine intrinsic motivation [41], as intrinsically motivated individuals behave in a certain way without any expectation or greed regarding receiving any monetary benefit. Richard Titmuss [115] asserted that paying money for blood donations may decrease the blood supply as the individuals willing to donate their blood do it with a magnanimous spirit [115]. Many scholars agreed with the notion that public sector employees are altruistic in nature [42,50,97,116] and generally not longing for extrinsic rewards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States

et al. 2019

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Employee motivation has always been a matter of concern for both public and private sector organizations. Since the industrial revolution in the late 18th century, organizations have struggled to foster workforce motivation and morale to enhance productivity. While a plethora of literature focuses on private sector motivation research, public sector organizations receive only modest scholarly attention. However, a new concept has emerged in public management literature during the late 1980s and 1990s, later known as public service motivation (PSM). The debate about PSM is premised on the notion that the motivation of public sector employees is quite different from their private sector counterparts because of their orientation to public service. Perry and Wise (1990) expressed this concept in the theory of PSM. Subsequently, a growing stream of scholarship has emerged which explores the many aspects of antecedents and outcomes related to PSM. However, questions remain about how to best keep the motivation of public sector employees sustainably high, and about what factors embolden or enervate the motivation and morale of public sector employees. This study focuses on the sustainable work motivation of local government employees. Its arguments and discussions draw from PSM theory, total quality management (TQM) principles, and inspiration from Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examines and attempts to uncover the career trajectories of local government employees in the State of Oregon, United States, through a rigorous grounded theory method (GTM) of inquiry. The study reveals a number of factors that facilitate and/or inhibit employees’ PSM. We expect the findings to be useful for both practitioners and government human resource policymakers in understanding the subtlety and vicissitudes of public sector employee careers and motivations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States

et al. 2019

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“…As R. M. Titmuss puts it, in the presence of both blood donations and a blood market in a society, people’s common positive perceptions and values toward blood donation would dissociate. The transformation of MABD into monetary transactions would tarnish the concept of VUBD, diminish people’s wish to contribute to social good, and break the positive value orientation of existing blood donors [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why some donors are more willing to donate platelets? ----a qualitative study on 25 regular platelet donors in Guangzhou, China

et al. 2019

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BackgroundSince 1998, China has gradually moved toward voluntary uncompensated blood donation. In some cities, the shortage of platelets has been noticeably severe. Mutual assistance that collects blood from one’s family and social networks is a potential solution. The measure, however, turned out problematic. There are donors who choose to donate platelets over whole blood without compensations, and donate platelets directly to blood banks instead of via the mutual assistance system. This study explores reasons behind their choices qualitatively.MethodsThis report is based on data conducted from January to February 2018; 25 uncompensated regular platelet donors were interviewed. The blood component donation service team in Guangzhou facilitated the data collection process and referred prospectively eligible blood donors to our research team. The interviews took about 30 min to two hours to complete. The qualitative data were analyzed by using the software ATLAS.ti 8.ResultsPlatelet donation takes a much long time than whole blood donation and requires complicated processes. It may also cause discomfort as the other blood components are returned to the body, causing physical and psychological distress due to worries about contamination. Thus, platelet donation tends to involve higher time and psychological costs than whole blood donation. Yet, it has short collection intervals that allows for more frequent donations, and urgency of a severer shortage than whole blood. Hence, regular platelet donors may feel higher significance in platelet donation than whole blood donation, with the belief that more lives would be saved. Some whole blood donors thus switched to become platelet donors. Mutual assistance blood donation was not chosen by the participants for platelet donation, because such donations may exert moral pressure to both the donors and recipients. Furthermore, “acquaintance” has been loosely defined; the system has sometimes been manipulated to become profit-making monetary transactions. It hence failed.ConclusionsThe practice of platelet donation reinforces the understanding that blood donation is a gift giving process performed among strangers. A safe and sustainable voluntary blood supply can only be secured in the absence of monetary transactions and moral pressure.

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“…Data sharing has in some cases taken on values related to notions of the general public good, such as with blood donation in which donating to a common good is seen to produce social rewards (Titmuss 1970 ). As Prainsack and Buyx ( 2017 : 106) have suggested, contributing to a database can generate social value.…”

Section: Health Data Sharing: An Interoperability Policy In the Makinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There might be doubts as to whether the introduction of economic incentives for data compromises data quality. Studies on blood donation have shown that in countries economic incentives were introduced, blood quality decreased (Titmuss 1970 ).…”

Section: Translating Ethical Values Into Practice: Five Examples Of Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical sharing of health data in online platforms – which values should be considered?

Riso

Tupasela

Vears

et al. 2017

Life Sci Soc Policy

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Intensified and extensive data production and data storage are characteristics of contemporary western societies. Health data sharing is increasing with the growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platforms devoted to the collection of personal health and genomic data. However, the sensitive and personal nature of health data poses ethical challenges when data is disclosed and shared even if for scientific research purposes.With this in mind, the Science and Values Working Group of the COST Action CHIP ME ‘Citizen's Health through public-private Initiatives: Public health, Market and Ethical perspectives’ (IS 1303) identified six core values they considered to be essential for the ethical sharing of health data using ICT platforms. We believe that using this ethical framework will promote respectful scientific practices in order to maintain individuals’ trust in research.We use these values to analyse five ICT platforms and explore how emerging data sharing platforms are reconfiguring the data sharing experience from a range of perspectives. We discuss which types of values, rights and responsibilities they entail and enshrine within their philosophy or outlook on what it means to share personal health information. Through this discussion we address issues of the design and the development process of personal health data and patient-oriented infrastructures, as well as new forms of technologically-mediated empowerment.

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Introduction: human blood and social policy

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States

Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States

Why some donors are more willing to donate platelets? ----a qualitative study on 25 regular platelet donors in Guangzhou, China

Ethical sharing of health data in online platforms – which values should be considered?

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