Introduction, History, and Discovery of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles

Zavan, Lauren; Bitto, Natalie J.; Kaparakis‐Liaskos, Maria

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36331-4_1

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Today, practically every microbial species tested, ranging from fungi to bacteria and archaea, has been shown to produce EVs, which suggests that EVs are a feature of every living cell [ 42 ]. EVs are discrete and non-replicable proteoliposomal nanoparticles [ 43 ], ranging in size between 20 and 500 nm in diameter [ 44 ]. Released by the bacterial cell envelope, EVs from Gram-negative bacteria naturally contain lipopolysaccharides, phospholipids and outer-membrane proteins; nevertheless, as EVs are not just small vesicles derived entirely from the outer membrane, periplasmic proteins, peptidoglycan fragments, and even cytoplasmic proteins and nucleic acids have been identified therein [ 40 ].…”

Section: Evs In Gram-negative Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles: An Overlooked Secretion System in Cyanobacteria

Lima

Matinha-Cardoso

Tamagnini

et al. 2020

Life

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In bacteria, the active transport of material from the interior to the exterior of the cell, or secretion, represents a very important mechanism of adaptation to the surrounding environment. The secretion of various types of biomolecules is mediated by a series of multiprotein complexes that cross the bacterial membrane(s), each complex dedicated to the secretion of specific substrates. In addition, biological material may also be released from the bacterial cell in the form of vesicles. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayered, nanoscale structures, derived from the bacterial cell envelope, which contain membrane components as well as soluble products. In cyanobacteria, the knowledge regarding EVs is lagging far behind compared to what is known about, for example, other Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we present a summary of the most important findings regarding EVs in Gram-negative bacteria, discussing aspects of their composition, formation processes and biological roles, and highlighting a number of technological applications tested. This lays the groundwork to raise awareness that the release of EVs by cyanobacteria likely represents an important, and yet highly disregarded, survival strategy. Furthermore, we hope to motivate future studies that can further elucidate the role of EVs in cyanobacterial cell biology and physiology.

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Section: Evs In Gram-negative Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles: An Overlooked Secretion System in Cyanobacteria

Lima

Matinha-Cardoso

Tamagnini

et al. 2020

Life

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“…Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are ubiquitously produced by bacteria throughout all stages of growth and are identified as a bona fide secretion system for the long‐distance delivery of bacterial molecules that can affect functions in host‐pathogen interactions and inter‐bacterial communication (reviewed in (Zavan et al., 2020)). Owing to the differences in the cell envelope of their parent bacteria, membrane vesicles produced by Gram‐negative bacteria which possess an outer membrane are termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), while those produced by Gram‐positive bacteria which lack an outer membrane are termed membrane vesicles (MVs) (Pathirana & Kaparakis‐Liaskos, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy

Bitto

Cheng

Johnston

et al. 2021

J of Extracellular Vesicle

101

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Gram-positive bacteria ubiquitously produce membrane vesicles (MVs), and although they contribute to biological functions, our knowledge regarding their composition and immunogenicity remains limited. Here we examine the morphology, contents and immunostimulatory functions of MVs produced by three Staphylococcus aureus strains; a methicillin resistant clinical isolate, a methicillin sensitive clinical isolate and a laboratory-adapted strain. We observed differences in the number and morphology of MVs produced by each strain and showed that they contain microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) including protein, nucleic acids and peptidoglycan. Analysis of MV-derived RNA indicated the presence of small RNA (sRNA). Furthermore, we detected variability in the amount and composition of protein, nucleic acid and peptidoglycan cargo carried by MVs from each S. aureus strain. S. aureus MVs activated Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 7, 8, 9 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) signalling and promoted cytokine and chemokine release by epithelial cells, thus identifying that MV-associated MAMPs including DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan are detected by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Moreover, S. aureus MVs induced the formation of and colocalized with autophagosomes in epithelial cells, while inhibition of lysosomal acidification using bafilomycin A1 resulted in accumulation of autophagosomal puncta that colocalized with MVs, revealing the ability of the host to degrade MVs via autophagy. This study reveals the ability of DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan associated with MVs to activate PRRs in host epithelial cells, and their intracellular degradation via autophagy. These findings advance our understanding of the immunostimulatory roles of Gram-positive bacterial MVs in mediating pathogenesis, and their intracellular fate within the host.

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“…Moreover, the transfer of virulence factors as cargoes are mediated by OMV for the access to host tissues by Gram-negative bacteria (Jan, 2017). They can also affect the biofilm formation and host cell function modulations (Cecil et al, 2019).This type of EV has been studied in numerous Gram-negative bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Veillonella parvula, Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae), Salmonella enterica, Aeromonas spp., Brucella melitensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), and Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) (Zavan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Gram-negative Bacteria Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial extracellular vesicles and their novel therapeutic applications in health and cancer

Hosseini-Giv

Basas

Hicks

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Bacterial cells communicate with host cells and other bacteria through the release of membrane vesicles known as bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEV). BEV are established mediators of intracellular signaling, stress tolerance, horizontal gene transfer, immune stimulation and pathogenicity. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria produce extracellular vesicles through different mechanisms based on cell structure. BEV contain and transfer different types of cargo such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, which are used to interact with and affect host cells such as cytotoxicity and immunomodulation. The role of these membranous microvesicles in host communication, intra- and inter-species cell interaction and signaling, and contribution to various diseases have been well demonstrated. Due to their structure, these vesicles can be easily engineered to be utilized for clinical application, as shown with its role in vaccine therapy, and could be used as a diagnostic and cancer drug delivery tool in the future. However, like other novel therapeutic approaches, further investigation and standardization is imperative for BEV to become a routine vector or a conventional treatment method.

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Introduction, History, and Discovery of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles

Cited by 8 publications

References 124 publications

Extracellular Vesicles: An Overlooked Secretion System in Cyanobacteria

Extracellular Vesicles: An Overlooked Secretion System in Cyanobacteria

Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA, RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy

Bacterial extracellular vesicles and their novel therapeutic applications in health and cancer

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