Introduction: Epidemiologic research on occupational health in women

Kogevinas, Manolis; Zahm, Shelia Hoar

doi:10.1002/ajim.10317

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Much of our understanding of toxic effects on humans stems from industrial toxicology and epidemiologic studies of workforces exposed to high levels of one or more chemicals. In addition to limitations from inexact exposure information, the traditional industrial workforces were almost exclusively male, and females were often absent or in such small numbers that they were ignored by epidemiologists (Zahm and Fraumeni, 1995; Craft, 2003; Kogevinas and Zahm 2003). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Gochfeld

2016

Toxicol Pathol

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Sex, the states of being female or male, potentially interacts with all xenobiotic exposures, both inadvertent and deliberate, and influences their toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and outcomes. Sex differences occur in behavior, exposure, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics, accounting for female-male differences in responses to environmental chemicals, diet, and pharmaceuticals, including adverse drug reactions. Often viewed as an annoying confounder, researchers have studied only one sex, adjusted for sex, or ignored it. Occupational epidemiology, the basis for understanding many toxic effects in humans, usually excluded women. Likewise FDA rules excluded women of child-bearing age from drug studies for many years. Aside from sex-specific organs, sex differences and sex × age interactions occur for a wide range of disease states as well as hormone-influenced conditions and drug distribution. Women have more adverse drug reactions than men, The Classic Sex Hormone Paradigm (gonadectomy and replacement) reveals significant interaction of sex and toxicokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolisms and elimination. Studies should be designed to detect sex differences, describe the mechanisms, and interpret these in a broad social, clinical and evolutionary context with phenomena that do not differ. Sex matters, but how much of a difference is needed to matter remains challenging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Gochfeld

2016

Toxicol Pathol

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“…Studies of occupational cancer that specifically evaluate risk for women are clearly warranted [Zahm and Fraumeni, ; Kennedy and Koehoorn, ; Kogevinas and Zahm, ; Messing et al, ; Zahm and Blair, ; Messing and Mergler, ]. In some cases, methodological adjustments need to be made, such as: increasing the sample sizes due to the generally smaller numbers of exposed women, utilizing gender‐specific exposure assessment techniques, and considering sex‐ and gender‐specific confounders related to reproductive and lifestyle factors [Blair et al, ; Kennedy and Koehoorn, ; Arbuckle, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, in 2000, Niedhammer and colleagues reviewed articles published in 1997 in six journals and found that 31% of articles that assessed occupational health broadly included men and women and 7% included women only [Niedhammer et al, ]. In the same decade, several international conferences and dedicated journal issues highlighted methodological barriers and promoted the inclusion of women in epidemiologic studies of occupational cancer [Pottern et al, ; Gunnarsdottir et al, ; Kogevinas and Zahm ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inclusion of Women in Studies of Occupational Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiologic Literature From 1991–2009

Hohenadel

Raj

Demers

et al. 2015

American J Industrial Med

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“…1 Increasing employment in industries where women were largely excluded in the past necessitates studies on female workers mainly because gender differences might cause different disease outcome in men and women. [2][3][4] Worldwide, men have constituted the main part of the workforce in the pulp and paper industry, and most studies have reported results only for men or, in some cases, for both genders merged. 5 The pulp and paper industry is a very old industry in Norway, operating since 1870.…”

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Mortality from non-malignant diseases in a cohort of female pulp and paper workers in Norway

Langseth

Kjærheim

2006

Occup Environ Med

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Objectives: The objective of the present study was to investigate the risk of death from non-malignant diseases in female pulp and paper workers in Norway. Methods: A total of 3143 women first employed between 1920-93 were included in the study cohort. Information about each cohort member was obtained from personnel record files in the mills in order to identify employment periods and job categories. Data on cause and date of death were added by linkage to the Cause of Death Register using unique personal identification numbers. The follow up period was 1951-2000. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using the national female mortality rates as reference. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine internal relations between the duration of employment in paper departments and the risk of death from selected causes. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were calculated. Results: The study showed a significantly increased risk for total non-malignant mortality (SMR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24), mainly due to increased mortality from ischaemic heart disease (SMR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.43) and cerebrovascular diseases (SMR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.42). Analysis by department showed the highest risk of death in paper department workers with short term employment. Internal analyses showed a 5% and 9% increase in risk of dying from ischaemic heart disease and respiratory diseases, respectively, among paper department workers exposed to paper dust. The risk decreased with increasing duration of employment. Conclusion: The increased risk of ischaemic heart diseases and respiratory diseases seen among employees of paper departments may be related to exposure to paper dust. F ew studies have addressed mortality from non-malignant diseases among women in industrial jobs. The reason for this may be that women traditionally have been in the minority in these occupational groups, their employment and follow up periods may have been shorter, and they are often assumed to hold less exposed jobs than men. In many countries women entered the workforce later than men did. In Norway the percentage of women working outside the home was less than 30% in 1960, less than 40% in 1980, increasing to almost 70% in 1990.1 Increasing employment in industries where women were largely excluded in the past necessitates studies on female workers mainly because gender differences might cause different disease outcome in men and women. [2][3][4] Worldwide, men have constituted the main part of the workforce in the pulp and paper industry, and most studies have reported results only for men or, in some cases, for both genders merged. 5 The pulp and paper industry is a very old industry in Norway, operating since 1870. Women have through all times constituted approximately one tenth of the workforce among paper workers and the classical workplace has been in paper departments as paper sorters. Many girls started work at a very young age; in 1910 one half of them were aged under 20 years. 6 A n...

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Introduction: Epidemiologic research on occupational health in women

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology

The Inclusion of Women in Studies of Occupational Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiologic Literature From 1991–2009

Mortality from non-malignant diseases in a cohort of female pulp and paper workers in Norway

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