Introduction. Eneken Tikk

Tikk, Eneken

doi:10.18356/07c9f3f7-en

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…These attacks impacted on the availability of services provided by various sub-systems, from banking to government emails, limiting human access to information and services, and preventing various computers and networks from functioning properly. 146 As such, these attacks resulted in more significant increases in entropy than the 'emotional phase' of the attacks. They disrupted the availability of government and commercial services integral to the functioning of Estonian civil society.…”

Section: Entropy Caused By the Cyber Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia and international law on the use of force: an informational approach

Haataja

2017

Law, Innovation and Technology

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This article considers the 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia and international law on the use of force. It argues that the prohibition on the use of force in Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter embodies an ontologically constrained conceptualisation of violence that requires some form of material damage to property or injury or death of human beings. As a result, the law is incapable of adequately recognising the harm caused by cyber attacks with non-material effects like those against Estonia. In an effort to overcome these constraints, this article draws on Luciano Floridi's information ethics. This theory extends its ethical concern beyond the material world to include all entities, whether natural or artificial, physical or virtual. It is argued that by viewing the Estonian entity as an information system, the 2007 cyber attacks can be seen to have constituted a form of informational violence against this entity.

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Section: Entropy Caused By the Cyber Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia and international law on the use of force: an informational approach

Haataja

2017

Law, Innovation and Technology

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“…In 2013, the third UNGGE agreed that international law, and in particular the UN Charter, applied to the use of ICTs by states. The fourth UNGGE of 2015 articulated voluntary and non-binding norms of responsible state behaviour (Tikk and Kerttunen 2017: 11). However, during the fifth UNGGE in 2017, the working group could not reach a consensus on how norms of international law apply to cyber operations (UNGA 2017a) and did not adopt its final report.…”

Section: Divisions Over Security At Ungge 2016/2017mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding institutions, adherents of the liberal sphere wanted to apply existing international law to cybersecurity without creating a new regime. However, adherents of the sovereigntist sphere preferred a new binding intergovernmental regime (Tikk and Kerttunen 2017: 16) but proponents of the liberal sphere were unwilling to initiate such a negotiation process in the UN (Rodríguez 2017).…”

Section: Divisions Over Security At Ungge 2016/2017mentioning

confidence: 99%

Authority conflicts in internet governance: Liberals vs. sovereigntists?

2020

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We analyse conflicts over norms and institutions in internet governance. In this emerging field, dispute settlement is less institutionalised and conflicts take place at a foundational level. Internet governance features two competing spheres of authority characterised by fundamentally diverging social purposes: A more consolidated liberal sphere emphasises a limited role of the state, private and multistakeholder governance and freedom of speech. A sovereigntist challenger sphere emphasises state control, intergovernmentalism and push against the preponderance of Western institutions and private actors. We trace the activation and evolution of conflict between these spheres with regard to norms and institutions in four instances: the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), the World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12), the fifth session of the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts (UNGGE) and the Budapest Convention of the Council of Europe. We observe intense norm collisions, and strategic attempts at competitive regime creation and regime shifting towards intergovernmental structures by the sovereigntist sphere. Despite these aggressive attempts at creating new institutions and norms, the existing internet governance order is still in place. Hence, authority conflicts in global internet governance do not necessarily lead to fragmentation.

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“…For the needs of the construction as such analogs used artificially created territory -earth mounds and alluvial areas. Generally the representation of land reclamation is "the process of applying hydromechanical method of soil on the bottom areas of the water body, which resulted in creating an artificial land plot" [5].…”

Section: Spbwosce-2016mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nature of real estate objects was considered in the works of R.S.Bevzenko [1], A.E.Zakharova [2], D.Bazarkina [3], A.Ya.Rizhenkova [4], O.K.Tikk [5], D.E.Potyarkina [6], D.S.Nekrestyanova [7], S.P.Grishaeva [8] and other authors [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]21,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical real estate objects: legal regime and control system

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The legal concept of immovable things raises controversy in legal practice. Determining and understanding the definition of real estate, the complexity and diversity of these objects, a growing appearance of socalled atypical properties (such as sport stadiums, roads, boreholes), analyzing legislation and judicial practice of this field -all these issues call for a deep study of this topic. There is a conflicting arbitration practice, the subject of which is the learning of the legal nature of atypical real estate (for instance, asphalt playgrounds, car parks, fences, wells). The object of the research is the learning of the legal status of atypical real estate.

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Introduction. Eneken Tikk

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

The 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia and international law on the use of force: an informational approach

The 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia and international law on the use of force: an informational approach

Authority conflicts in internet governance: Liberals vs. sovereigntists?

Atypical real estate objects: legal regime and control system

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