Introduction: cultivation, medication, activism and cannabis policy

Bone, Melissa; Potter, G. R.; Klein, Axel

doi:10.1108/dat-03-2018-0014

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Unlike many other medicines, cannabis has bypassed more orthodox methods of medicalisation, in terms of how its legalisation has evolved through an unusually bottom-up trend of patients and advocates seeking legitimisation of access to therapeutic use as opposed to a top-down trend where medical experts legitimise the practice (Bone et al 2018 ; Fitzcharles and Eisenberg 2018 ; Bostwick 2012 ; Martin and Bonomo 2016 ). Community-driven regulation was a frequent frame across the study period, acknowledging the role of grassroots activism in the legislation process and recognising medicinal cannabis advocacy as part of a social movement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transition of cannabis into the mainstream of Australian healthcare: framings in professional medical publications

Lewis

Flood

2021

J Cannabis Res

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Background Medicinal cannabis has been legalised for use for a range of specified medical conditions in Australia since 2016. However, the nature of the government regulations and the subsequent complexity of prescribing, as well as doctors’ safety uncertainties and the stigma of the plant, remain contributing barriers to patient access. Media representations can offer insights into the nature of the discourse about new medical products and therapies and how ideas and understandings about social phenomena become constructed. Focusing on professional medical publications, this study sought to investigate how medicinal cannabis is being represented in professional medical publications. Methods Using a content analysis approach, we investigated articles about medicinal cannabis from 2000 to the end of 2019 in the Medical Journal of Australia, Australian Doctor, Medical Observer, Australian Journal of General Practice, Australian Family Physician, and Australian Medicine. Articles were coded according to article type, framings of cannabis, headline and article tone, and key sources used in the article. We also used manifest textual analysis to search for word frequencies, and specific conditions referred to in the articles retrieved. Results A total of 117 articles were retrieved for analysis, the majority of which were news stories for a physician audience. Across the longitudinal period, we found that most reports carried a positive tone towards medicinal cannabis. Cannabis is most frequently framed as a legitimate therapeutic option that is complex to prescribe and access, does not have a strong evidence base to support its use, and also carries safety concerns. At the same time, the outlook on cannabis research data is largely positive. Primary sources most frequently used in these reports are peer-reviewed journals or government reports, voices from medical associations or foundations, as well as government and university researchers. Chronic pain or pain were the conditions most frequently mentioned in articles about cannabis, followed by epilepsy, cancer or cancer pain, and nausea and chemotherapy. Conclusions This analysis offers evidence that medicinal cannabis is being framed as a valid medicine advocated by the community, with potential for addressing a range of conditions despite the lack of evidence, and a medicine that is not free of risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transition of cannabis into the mainstream of Australian healthcare: framings in professional medical publications

Lewis

Flood

2021

J Cannabis Res

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“…In the Netherlands, possession of small amounts of cannabis imposes no offense and it is among the leading countries with the altered policy to reduce the penalties relating to narcotic drugs (MacCoun and Reuter 1997 ). However, there are no other European Union countries which officially legalize cannabis supply for recreational purposes, but legislative models are currently purposed along with decriminalization for home cultivation in Belgium, Czech Republic, and Spain (Hughes et al 2017 ; Belackova et al 2019 ; Bone et al 2018 ). Decriminalization for personal cultivated marijuana was also a part of the drug law (de jury) in three Australian states and territories (South Australia, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and Northern Territory), as well as Jamaica (Belackova et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, experts warn that legalizing ganja would cause more harm than good to the country, citing evidence that marijuana can lead to the usage of other narcotics (Saengpassa 2021 ). While the promulgation of the law was in-line with many countries advancing the uses of cannabis, the Thai growing permission was ambiguous and involving solely by the government approvals (Bone et al 2018 ; Kirdphol and Junngam 2020 ). More crucially, the private sector is not yet explicitly allowed to hold licenses unless they are in cooperative with one of the government's licensees (Cannacata 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growing ganja permission: a real gate-way for Thailand’s promising industrial crop?

et al. 2022

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The current revision to Thailand’s Narcotics Act (B.E. 2563) permits Thai corporations to produce cannabis (ganja) for therapeutic purposes, as well as conduct beneficial research and development in science and agriculture. While ganja possession, distribution, and use are still illegal in Thailand, the law removes certain elements of Cannabis sativa (including hemp) from the narcotic lists as of December 2020 and Thailand's narcotics board plans to remove them totally from the lists before the last quarter of 2022. The Thai Food and Drug Administration (Thai FDA) board maintains the exclusive licensing authority to assess applications and provide authorization due to the complexity of the registration process. In this view, we analyzed the guidelines for obtaining cannabis production license, and it was apparent that the announced law was in-line with regulations set-out by many countries in terms of security and prevention of misuse. The other criteria however fall merely onto the government gains, rather than public interests. To avoid the claimed state monopoly, several types of licensing should be issued in the future, depending on the genuine purpose of the farmers. The complete regulation process and conditions for obtaining a ganja growing license in Thailand are highlighted and discussed in this review.

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“…This is the first study to report the repeated extraction of large amounts of cannabis (total 15 kg) to optimise the CO 2 Sfe extraction process for a pharmaceutical product.Cannabis is an herbaceous flowering plant of the Cannabis genus (Rosale) that has been used for its fibre and medicinal properties for thousands of years 1,2 . In recent decades medicinal cannabis has become legal in several jurisdictions and the possibility of legalisation is being explored in many more [3][4][5][6][7][8] . The chemistry of cannabis is rich and varied; it includes phytocannabinoids, terpenes and phenolics, and each of these classes contain compounds with biological activity 9 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilisation of Design of Experiments Approach to Optimise Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Medicinal Cannabis

Rochfort

Isbel²,

Ezernieks

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction (CO2 SFE) is a clean and cost-effective method of extracting cannabinoids from cannabis. Using design of experiment methodologies an optimised protocol for extraction of medicinal cannabis bud material (population of mixed plants, combined THC:CBD approximately 1:1.5) was developed at a scale of one kg per extraction. Key variables investigated were CO2 flow rate, extraction time and extraction pressure. A total of 15 batches were analysed for process development using a two-level, full factorial design of experiments for three variable factors over eleven batches. The initial eleven batches demonstrated that CO2 flow rate has the most influence on the overall yield and recovery of the key cannabinoids, particularly CBD. The additional four batches were conducted as replicated runs at high flow rates to determine reproducibility. The highest extraction weight of 71 g (7.1%) was obtained under high flow rate (150 g/min), with long extraction time (600 min) at high pressure (320 bar). This method also gave the best recoveries of THC and CBD. This is the first study to report the repeated extraction of large amounts of cannabis (total 15 kg) to optimise the CO2 SFE extraction process for a pharmaceutical product.

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Introduction: cultivation, medication, activism and cannabis policy

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

The transition of cannabis into the mainstream of Australian healthcare: framings in professional medical publications

The transition of cannabis into the mainstream of Australian healthcare: framings in professional medical publications

Growing ganja permission: a real gate-way for Thailand’s promising industrial crop?

Utilisation of Design of Experiments Approach to Optimise Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Medicinal Cannabis

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