Introduction

In recent years, the terrorist network Islamic State of Iraq and Syria has generated what might be referred to as a ‘spectacle of fear’ through strategic dissemination of execution videos and other graphic material. In response, social media users, activists and others circulate ‘counter-spectacles’, attempting to circumvent Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’s spectacle of fear. An important case in point is the global hacking network Anonymous declaring ‘war’ against Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, including a global call for a ‘Troll ISIS Day’. This article develops a theoretical framework for understanding the spectacle of fear generated by Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and the counter-spectacle created through Anonymous’ trolling practices and explores empirically how Anonymous uses humor to combat fear through the memes produced on ‘Troll ISIS Day’. Bottom-up, cultural forms such as memes are increasingly woven into strategies for countering the fear associated with terrorism, and they represent the potential for humor to generate public engagement. However, as these memetic counter-spectacles draw on the incongruent humor characteristic of meme culture, they both contest and adopt strategies of fear, pointing to ethical challenges inherent in the counter-spectacle.

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“…As Lex Luthor observed, ‘The more fear you make, the more loot you take’. (Altheide, 2016: 197; see also Bourke, 2005; Malvern and Koureas, 2014)…”

Section: Isis’ Spectacle Of Fearmentioning

confidence: 94%

Countering spectacles of fear: Anonymous’ meme ‘war’ against ISIS

McCrow-Young

Mortensen

2021

European Journal of Cultural Studies

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“…The absorbance coefficient was set at 0.01. Five measurements were taken for each sample and the data were averaged and presented as the following parameters (Malvern, 2014):…”

Section: Particle Size Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into the physiochemical properties of soy protein isolate and concentrate powders from different manufacturers

Schmid,

Farahnaky,

Adhikari

et al. 2024

Int J of Food Sci Tech

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SummaryThe physiochemical properties of five commercially available soy protein isolates (SPI) from different manufacturers and one soy protein concentrate were analysed. Despite their identical botanical origin and an almost interchangeable molecular weight profile, remarkable differences were revealed in their solubility, protein dispersibility index (PDI), water holding capacity (WHC), zeta potential (measured at different pHs) and particle size distribution. Protein solubility and PDI values, which can be considered as a simple and reliable measure of soy protein powder's suitability for industrial formulations such as extrusion premixes, revealed to be strongly intercorrelated, with SPI A, B and E showing higher values at pH 7.0 and 9.0 as compared to their counterparts (sample C and D). WHC appeared to be less influenced by solubility, but greatly by particle size distribution. SPI A, B and E showed largest increase in diameter upon hydration (‘swelling’) and gave the highest WHC.

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“…γ is strain rate, and n is the power law index [31,34]. Table A1 summarizes parameters from the power law model of the colored thermoplastics estimated by power regression of the log of shear stress and log of strain rate curves.…”

Section: Rheological Behavior Of Thermoplastics Incorporated With Mas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymers 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 28 interaction, polymer melt can stretch and align with the flow, and the pigment particles can rearrange or reorganize [34]. This behavior implied an arrangement of microstructure as well as a breaking down of aggregated structures to primary pigment particles resulting in in the achievement of good pigment dispersion [16,34].…”

Section: Rheological Behavior Of Thermoplastics Incorporated With Mas...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Compounding Parameters on Color Space and Properties of Thermoplastics with Ultramarine Blue Pigment

Neo,

Kitada,

Deeying

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The incorporation of thermoplastics with pigments imparts diverse aesthetic qualities and properties to colored thermoplastic products. The selection of pigment type and content, along with specific processing conditions, plays a pivotal role in influencing color properties and overall product performance. This study focuses on optimizing these parameters to ensure the desired color quality and product functionality. Two types of polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) with different melt flow rates (MFRs) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compounded with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch (MB) in concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 wt.% using a twin-screw extruder. The compounding process was conducted at a constant screw speed of 200 rpm and a die temperature of 210 °C. The effects of screw speed and die temperature were investigated at a constant MB of 3 wt.%. Colored samples were fabricated by injection molding. Microscopic analysis revealed a well-dispersed pigment within the PPCP matrix when using the MB. Rheological properties, assessed through the power law index, confirmed effective pigment dispersion, facilitated by shear thinning behavior and controlled shear rate via the manipulation of screw speed and die temperature. The effects of masterbatch contents and processing conditions on color spaces were evaluated using CIELAB and CIELCH, with one-way ANOVA employed to identify statistical significance. Higher opacity in high-MFR PPCP and ABS resulted in increased lightness and color strength, surpassing low-MFR PPCP by 15–40% at equivalent MB contents. Masterbatch content emerged as a significant factor influencing the color spaces of all colored thermoplastics. Further analysis, including Fisher pairwise comparisons of one-way ANOVA, revealed that screw speed influenced the redness and hue of low-MFR PPCP, whereas die temperature affected the lightness and hue of high-MFR PPCP and ABS. Interestingly, the blueness and chroma of colored thermoplastics were minimally affected by both screw speed and die temperature. Notably, regardless of processing conditions, the flexural properties of colored thermoplastics remained comparable to the neat polymer when incorporated with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch.

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Introduction

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Countering spectacles of fear: Anonymous’ meme ‘war’ against ISIS

Countering spectacles of fear: Anonymous’ meme ‘war’ against ISIS

Investigation into the physiochemical properties of soy protein isolate and concentrate powders from different manufacturers

Influence of Compounding Parameters on Color Space and Properties of Thermoplastics with Ultramarine Blue Pigment

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