Keywords: sanitation, wastewater, human rights, participation, accountability, non-discrimination and equalityThe impact of water pollution is increasingly recognized as a major threat to human health and well-being. Some even argue that the lack of adequate wastewater management, rather than freshwater availability, is at the heart of a future water crisis (Biswas and tortajada, 2011: 6). however, despite declared intentions to integrate wastewater management into overall water management frameworks, water management has been given priority by policymakers with neglect for wastewater. wastewater policies lag far behind, and implementation and monitoring often fail. Publishing, 2014, www.practicalactionpublishing.org http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.034, ISSN: 2046-1879 (print) 2046-1887 Yet, water contamination has a significant impact on the realization of the human rights to water, sanitation, health, food, and a healthy environment, among many others. risks originate in untreated sewage and faecal sludge from septic tanks leaking into ground and surface water, the content of pits dumped into the environment or overflowing sewer networks, small businesses and large industries discharging contaminated water, extractive industries impacting on water resources, and agricultural run-offs contaminated with pesticides and fertilizers. the lack of adequate wastewater management and pollution control can have significant impacts on public health and the environment. Disadvantaged communities are often worst affected, with negative impacts on their lives, livelihoods, health, and the realization of their human rights.this article seeks to consider these issues by introducing the human rights framework into wastewater and water quality governance. human rights provide guidance in managing wastewater and controlling water pollution. they demand the respect of the cross-cutting human rights principles of non-discrimination, equality, participation, sustainability, and accountability in the governance of wastewater. They offer a flexible framework requiring states to prioritize addressing the most urgent and serious impacts on human rights. they call for a phased approach of progressive improvements in managing wastewater and controlling pollution as illustrated by the concept of a wastewater ladder. human rights demand a shift in priorities with a focus on improving the lives and livelihoods of the most disadvantaged people who are usually worst affected by contamination. the human rights framework recognizes individuals as rights-holders and has the potential to empower people and to demand that governments comply with their human rights obligations. looking at wastewater governance through the perspective of human rights stresses that sanitation and emptying, disposing, and treating of sludge and septage are not the responsibility of individuals alone. even though these issues are often perceived as a private matter and households are left to cope on their own, it is the obligation of states to ensure that the la...