“…11 kya. These plants have been-and continue to be-used in many ways, including as poisons, pesticides, narcotics, medicines, managed wild foods, and as components of indigenous agroecological systems (see, e.g., Beck 1992;Bonta et al 2019;Bradley 2005;Carrasco et al 2022;Khuraijam and Singh 2012;Osborne et al 2007;Patiño 1989;Smith 1982;Thieret 1958, among numerous others). Beyond such practical functions, cycads also play significant roles within indigenous epistemologies and symbolic complexes, rituals, artistic traditions, and cultural practices (see, e.g., Alcorn 1984;Bonta 2022;Bonta and Bamigboye 2018;Carrasco 2020Carrasco , 2022Cousins, Williams, and Witkowski 2012;Krishnamurthy 2014;Osborne et al 1994;Pérez-Farrera and Vovides 2006;Radha and Singh 2008).…”