“…It is grounded on the collective design and production of goods and knowledge (Calanstone and Stanko, 2007) and recognises that companies must consider sources outside their own walls for ideas for the development and commercialisation of innovation (Gassmann, 2006;Almirall and Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Previous research has investigated Living Labs from several perspectives, including community operations research (Bajgier et al, 1991), decision making and feasibility study (Haymaker andChachere, 2006), usersystem interaction (De Ryuter et al, 2007), open innovation tools (Almirall and Wareham, 2008;Kviselius et al, 2009), ICT innovation development (Herzog et al, 2007;Følstad, 2008a;Følstad, 2008b;Schuurman et al, 2011), information flow structures and knowledge integration (Kusiak, 2007;De Moor et al, 2010;Wolfert et al, 2010), and operations and functions (Almirall and Wareham, 2011). However, research lacks a uniform definition of Living Labs, especially from the network perspective (Westerlund and Leminen, 2011;Romero and Molina, 2012).…”