Introducing small storage capacity at residential PV installations to prevent overvoltages

Cappelle, Jan; Vanalme, Johan; Vispoel, Stijn; Maerhem, Thomas Van; Verhelst, Bart; Debruyne, Colin; Desmet, Jan

doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm.2011.6102380

Cited by 30 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The size of their photovoltaic installations is determined by a rule of thumb that states that one should install enough solar panels to cover the own electrical energy consumption. The yearly yield of PV installations in Belgium is considered to be about 850 kWh/kWp [2], [3]. A simple single-diode model with neglected shunt resistor [8], [9], [10], [11] receives temperature and irradiance of a typical summer day in Leuven from the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission [12] as inputs.…”

Section: Distribution Network Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Flemish government rewards the producers of green energy with a green certificate. The number of those certificates paid out has increased from 1356 in 2006 to 459 518 in 2010 [2]. The success of PV installations as a family investment and the resulting large-scale implementation of distributed generation (DG) contrasts with the small amount of regulatory measures for the connection of those installations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The voltage rise problem is another of those challenges. Besides possible damage to critical loads, also the loss of green energy at the most productive moments due to the PV inverters switching off is a very important problem [2]. This paper focuses on this last issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, reducing the injection of active power mitigates voltage rise; a technique known as Active Power Curtailment (APC) [6]. Overvoltage can also be mitigated by changing the tap of a transformer under load, reactive power control and local energy buffering [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dealing with an overdose of photovoltaics at distribution level

Vencken

Labeeuw

2013

2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference

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Injection of large amounts of active power in the highly resistive distribution network by photovoltaic installations causes the voltage to rise along the feeder. This voltage rise is one of the major challenges the distribution network operator has to face. Rising voltage causes generators to trip with a loss of green energy at the most productive moments as a consequence. A technique known as Active Power Curtailment (APC), proposed by Tonkoski et al., is implemented on a part of a typical European distribution grid. The resulting energy yields are compared to the situation in which the inverter switches off. APC results in a serious decrease of production. Therefore, a modified version of APC, called APC-PI is proposed. By transforming APC from a proportional feedback controller to a PI controller, the total energy yield can be increased by as much as 40% in comparison to the production of APC controlled generators.

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Section: Distribution Network Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dealing with an overdose of photovoltaics at distribution level

Vencken

Labeeuw

2013

2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference

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“…One of these solutions is to modify the PV's inverters controller to provide reactive power control [1]. Batteries combined with decentralized storage strategy to provide voltage control in Low-Voltage (LV) feeders also help to reduce overvoltages [2], [3]. A centralized controller could also regulate distribution network voltages by adjusting the output of distributed generations [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal assignment of off-peak hours to lower curtailments in the distribution network

Merciadri

Mathieu

Ernst

et al. 2014

IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Europe

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Abstract-We consider a price signal with two settings: offpeak tariff and on-peak tariff. Some loads are connected to specific electricity meters which allow the consumption of power only in off-peak periods. Historically, off-peak periods were located during the night and on-peak periods during the day. Changing the assignment of off-peak periods is an easy method for distribution system operators to access to the flexibility of small consumers. This solution can be implemented quickly as the infrastructure needed already exists in some countries.We propose a mixed-integer linear model to assign optimally the off-peak hours so as to minimize a societal cost. This cost gathers together the cost of electricity, the financial losses due to energy curtailments of photovoltaic installations and the loads' wellbeing. Our model considers automatic tripping of inverters and constraints of the electrical distribution networks. Simulation results show that the new disposition of off-peak hours could reduce significantly the photovoltaic energy curtailed in the summer.Index Terms-Mathematical programming, Optimization, Smart grids, Sustainable development. NOMENCLATUREThis section defines the main symbols used in this paper.T \ {0} S nodes S h nodes to which houses are connected K flexible loads G distinct groups g(k) group g ∈ G to which load k belongs K(i) flexible loads connected to node i D days of the time horizon Parameters'pr' is a period. If the chosen timestep is 1 h, pr = h.C ij,t capacity of link (i, j) in period t α t price for 1 kW pr in period t π c consumer's money gain having produced 1 kW pr λ cost for a loss of 1 kW pr on the consumer side η i,t maximum power injected at node i in period t ρ i,t curtailable power production at node i in period t ζ i,t static load power consumption at node i in period t β k,t amount of off-peak periods added tonumber of off-peak periods for group g during day d µ daily maximum number of rate switchings Variables l ij,t power going from node i to node j in period t n i,t power balance at node i in period t r i,t curtailed quantity at node i in period t s k,t state of load k at the end of period t ≥ 0 x k,t fraction of period during which load k consumes power in period t u g,t equals 1 if consumer group g is off-peak in period t, 0 otherwise w k,t auxiliary variable needed in order to define x k,t p i,t variable power consumed at node i in period t z g,t equals 1 if there is a rate switching between periods t − 1 and t

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